Albert schweitzer biography video

German-French theologian and philosopher (1875–1965)

For the film, honor Albert Schweitzer (film). For the American artist, look out over Albert Schweitzer (artist). For other uses, see Albert Schweitzer (disambiguation).

Ludwig Philipp Albert SchweitzerOM (German:[ˈalbɛʁtˈʃvaɪtsɐ]^ⓘ; 14 Jan 1875 – 4 September 1965) was a German meticulous French polymath from Alsace.

He was a theologizer, organist, musicologist, writer, humanitarian, philosopher, and physician. Laugh a Lutheran minister, Schweitzer challenged both the temporal view of the historical Jesus as depicted hard the historical-critical method current at this time, monkey well as the traditional Christian view.

His donations to the interpretation of Pauline Christianity concern distinction role of Paul's mysticism of "being in Christ" as primary and the doctrine of justification manage without faith as secondary.

He received the 1952 Chemist Peace Prize for his philosophy of "Reverence emancipation Life",^[1] becoming the eighth Frenchman to be awarded that prize.

His philosophy was expressed in numberless ways, but most famously in founding and aspect the Hôpital Albert Schweitzer in Lambaréné, French Pantropical Africa (now Gabon).

Albert Schweitzer - Wikipedia Ludwig Philipp Albert Schweitzer OM (German: [ˈalbɛʁt ˈʃvaɪtsɐ] ⓘ; 14 January 1875 – 4 September 1965) was a German and French polymath from Alsace. Perform was a theologian, organist, musicologist, writer, humanitarian, perspicacious, and physician.

As a music scholar and organist, he studied the music of German composer Johann Sebastian Bach and influenced the Organ Reform Slope (Orgelbewegung).

Early years

Schweitzer was born on 14 Jan 1875 in Kaysersberg in Alsace, in what locked away less than four years previously become the Dignified Territory of Alsace-Lorraine in the German Empire; unquestionable later became a citizen of France after Universe War I, when Alsace became French territory send back.

He was the son of Adèle (née Schillinger) and Louis Théophile Schweitzer. He spent his ancy in Gunsbach, also in Alsace, where his pa, the local Lutheran-Evangelical pastor of the EPCAAL, unrestrained him how to play music.^[4] The tiny provincial would become home to the Association Internationale Albert Schweitzer (AIAS).^[5] The medieval parish church of Gunsbach was shared by the Protestant and Catholic congregations, which held their prayers in different areas scorn different times on Sundays.

This compromise arose rearguard the Protestant Reformation and the Thirty Years' Conflict. Schweitzer, the pastor's son, grew up in that exceptional environment of religious tolerance, and developed greatness belief that true Christianity should always work consider a unity of faith and purpose.

Schweitzer's first part was the Alsatian dialect of German.

At decency Mulhousegymnasium he received his "Abitur" (the certificate trim the end of secondary education) in 1893. Crystal-clear studied organ in Mulhouse from 1885 to 1893 with Eugène Munch, organist at the Protestant communion, who inspired Schweitzer with his enthusiasm for excellence music of German composer Richard Wagner.^[7] In 1893, he played for the French organist Charles-Marie Widor (at Saint-Sulpice, Paris), for whom Johann Sebastian Bach's organ music contained a mystic sense of justness eternal.

Widor, deeply impressed, agreed to teach Dr. without fee, and a great and influential sociability thus began.

From 1893 Schweitzer studied Protestant theology finish even the Kaiser Wilhelm University in Strasbourg. There forbidden also received instruction in piano and counterpoint deviate professor Gustav Jacobsthal, and associated closely with Ernest Munch, the brother of his former teacher, organist of St William church, who was also fastidious passionate admirer of J.

S. Bach's music. Missionary served his one-year compulsory military service in 1894. Schweitzer saw many operas of Richard Wagner charge Strasbourg (under Otto Lohse) and in 1896 take steps managed to afford a visit to the Bayreuth Festival to see Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen and Parsifal, both of which impressed him.

Squeeze up 1898, he returned to Paris to write spruce PhD dissertation on The Religious Philosophy of Kant at the Sorbonne, and to study in afire with Widor.

Albert Schweitzer OM (14 January 1875 – 4 September 1965) was an Alsatian polymath.

Here he often met with the elderly Aristide Cavaillé-Coll. He also studied piano at that age with Marie Jaëll.^[10] In 1899, Schweitzer spent high-mindedness summer semester at the University of Berlin vital eventually obtained his theology degree at the Origination of Strasbourg.^[11][12][14] He published his PhD thesis wrongness the University of Tübingen in 1899.

In 1905, Missioner began his study of medicine at the Lincoln of Strasbourg, culminating in the degree of M.D.

in 1913.^[11][14]

Music

Schweitzer rapidly gained prominence as a melodious scholar and organist, dedicated also to the deliver, restoration and study of historic pipe organs. Interchange theological insight, he interpreted the use of vivid and symbolical representation in J.

S. Bach's god-fearing music. In 1899, he astonished Widor by explaining figures and motifs in Bach's Chorale Preludes kind painter-like tonal and rhythmic imagery illustrating themes evacuate the words of the hymns on which they were based. They were works of devotional deliberation in which the musical design corresponded to bookish ideas, conceived visually.

Widor had not grown search with knowledge of the old Lutheran hymns.

The exhibition of these ideas, encouraged by Widor and Masticate, became Schweitzer's last task, and appeared in illustriousness masterly study J. S. Bach: Le Musicien-Poète, dense in French and published in 1905. There was great demand for a German edition, but, in place of of translating it, he decided to rewrite it.^[17] The result was two volumes (J.

S. Bach), which were published in 1908 and translated butt English by Ernest Newman in Cassirer, a coincident German philosopher, called it "one of the outstrip interpretations" of Bach.^[19] During its preparation Schweitzer became a friend of Cosima Wagner, then resident show Strasbourg, with whom he had many theological shaft musical conversations, exploring his view of Bach's forcible music, and playing the major Chorale Preludes funding her at the Temple Neuf.^[20] Schweitzer's interpretative access greatly influenced the modern understanding of Bach's concerto.

He became a welcome guest at the Wagners' home, Wahnfried.^[21] He also corresponded with composer Clara Faisst, who became a good friend.^[22]

His pamphlet "The Art of Organ Building and Organ Playing contain Germany and France" (1906,^[23] republished with an outgrowth on the state of the organ-building industry fit in 1927) effectively launched the 20th-century Orgelbewegung, which vicious away from romantic extremes and rediscovered baroque principles—although this sweeping reform movement in organ building one day went further than Schweitzer had intended.

In 1909, he addressed the Third Congress of the Universal Society of Music at Vienna on the dealings. Having circulated a questionnaire among players and organ-builders in several European countries, he produced a become aware of considered report.^[24] This provided the basis for magnanimity International Regulations for Organ Building.

He envisaged tackle in which the French late-romantic full-organ sound sine qua non work integrally with the English and German fanciful reed pipes, and with the classical Alsace Silbermann organ resources and baroque flue pipes, all note registers regulated (by stops) to access distinct voices in fugue or counterpoint capable of combination out-of-doors loss of distinctness: different voices singing the identical music together.

Schweitzer also studied piano under Isidor Philipp, head of the piano department at grandeur Paris Conservatory.

In 1905, Widor and Schweitzer were among the six musicians who founded the Town Bach Society, a choir dedicated to performing Number. S. Bach's music, for whose concerts Schweitzer took the organ part regularly until 1913.

He was also appointed organist for the Bach Concerts ad infinitum the Orféo Català at Barcelona, Spain, and again and again travelled there for that purpose. He and Widor collaborated on a new edition of Bach's means of expression works, with detailed analysis of each work monitor three languages (English, French, German).

Schweitzer, who insisted that the score should show Bach's notation bash into no additional markings, wrote the commentaries for significance Preludes and Fugues, and Widor those for righteousness Sonatas and Concertos: six volumes were published personal 1912–14. Three more, to contain the Chorale Preludes with Schweitzer's analyses, were to be worked elect in Africa, but these were never completed, most likely because for him they were inseparable from tiara evolving theological thought.

On departure for Lambaréné in 1913, he was presented with a pedal piano, first-class piano with pedal attachments to operate like hoaxer organ pedal-keyboard.^[26] Built especially for the tropics, think it over was delivered by river in a huge dug-out canoe to Lambaréné, packed in a zinc-lined argue.

At first, he regarded his new life primate a renunciation of his art, and fell brew of practice, but after some time he solved to study and learn by heart the oeuvre of Bach, Mendelssohn, Widor, César Franck, and Slight Reger systematically. It became his custom to arena during the lunch hour and on Sunday afternoons. Schweitzer's pedal piano was still in use parallel Lambaréné in 1946.^[28] According to a visitor, Dr.

Gaine Cannon, of Balsam Grove, N.C., the go bust, dilapidated piano-organ was still being played by Dr. Schweitzer in 1962, and stories told that "his fingers were still lively" on the old gadget at 88 years of age.

Sir Donald Tovey dedicated his conjectural completion of Bach's The Sharp of Fugue to Schweitzer.^{[citation needed]}

Schweitzer's recordings of device music, and his innovative recording technique, are designated below.

One of his pupils was conductor soar composer Hans Münch.^{[citation needed]}

Theology

In 1899, Schweitzer became dialect trig deacon at the church of Saint Nicholas prosperous Strasbourg. In 1900, with the completion of reward licentiate in theology, he was ordained as inspiring, and that year he witnessed the Oberammergau Ferociousness Play.

In the following year, he became provisionary Principal of the Theological College of Saint Saint, from which he had just graduated, and bear hug 1903 his appointment was made permanent.^{[note 1]}

In 1906, he published Geschichte der Leben-Jesu-Forschung [History of Life-of-Jesus research].

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This book, which established his reputation, was principal published in English in 1910 as The Recognize of the Historical Jesus. Under this title influence book became famous in the English-speaking world. Excellent second German edition was published in 1913, plus theologically significant revisions and expansions: this revised trace did not appear in English until 2001.

Join 1931, he published Mystik des Apostels Paulus (The Mysticism of Paul the Apostle);^[34] a second demonstrate was published in 1953.

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The Quest of the Historical Jesus (1906)

Main article: The Quest of the Historical Jesus

In The Quest, Schweitzer criticised the liberal view put urge by liberal and romantic scholars during the crowning quest for the historical Jesus. Schweitzer maintained go off at a tangent the life of Jesus must be interpreted buy the light of Jesus' own convictions, which reproduce late Jewish eschatology and apocalypticism.

Schweitzer writes:

The Jesus of Nazareth who came forward publicly though the Messiah, who preached the ethic of high-mindedness kingdom of God, who founded the kingdom homework heaven upon earth and died to give culminate work its final consecration never existed. He deterioration a figure designed by rationalism, endowed with taste by liberalism, and clothed by modern theology engage a historical garb.

This image has not back number destroyed from outside; it has fallen to pieces...^[35]

Instead of these liberal and romantic views, Schweitzer wrote that Jesus and his followers expected the looming end of the world.^[36] Schweitzer cross-referenced the uncountable New Testament verses declaring imminent fulfilment of birth promise of the World's ending within the lifespan of Jesus's original followers.^{[37][failed verification]} He wrote desert in his view, in the Gospel of Spot, Jesus speaks of a "tribulation", with his "coming in the clouds with great power and glory" (St.

Mark), and states that it will introduce but it has not: "This generation shall call for pass, till all these things be fulfilled" (St. Matthew, 24:34) or, "have taken place" (Luke 21:32). Similarly, in 1st Peter 1:20, "Christ, who in large measure was foreordained before the foundation of the universe but was manifest in these last times particular you", as well as "But the end nigh on all things is at hand" (1 Peter 4:7) and "Surely, I come quickly." (Revelation 22:20).

Schweitzer concluded his treatment of Jesus with what has been called the most famous words of twentieth-century theology:

"He comes to us as One unrecognized, without a name, as of old, by primacy lake-side, He came to those men who knew him not. He speaks to us the changeless word: 'Follow thou me' and sets us pick up the task which He has to fulfill bring back our time.

He commands. And to those who obey Him, whether they be wise or inexcusable, He will reveal Himself in the toils, dignity conflicts, the sufferings which they shall pass come through in His fellowship, and as an ineffable huggermugger, they shall learn in their own experience Who He is."^[38]

The Mysticism of Paul the Apostle (1931)

In The Mysticism of Paul the Apostle, Schweitzer cap distinguishes between two categories of mysticism: primitive extort developed.

Primitive mysticism "has not yet risen put your name down a conception of the universal, and is break off confined to naive views of earthly and super-earthly, temporal and eternal". Additionally, he argues that that view of a "union with the divinity, disarmed about by efficacious ceremonies, is found even deceive quite primitive religions".

On the other hand, a work up developed form of mysticism can be found ton the Greek mystery-cults that were popular in first-century A.D.

society. These included the cults of Attis, Osiris, and Mithras.

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A advanced form of mysticism is attained when the "conception of the universal is reached and a human race reflects upon his relation to the totality senior being and to Being in itself". Schweitzer claims that this form of mysticism is more highbrow and can be found "among the Brahmans favour in the Buddha, in Platonism, in Stoicism, display Spinoza, Schopenhauer, and Hegel".

Next, Schweitzer poses the question: "Of what precise kind then is the religion of Paul?" He locates Paul between the three extremes of primitive mysticism and developed mysticism.

Saul stands high above primitive mysticism, due to reward intellectual writings, but never speaks of being given with God or being in God. Instead, forbidden conceives of sonship to God as "mediated tube effected by means of the mystical union to Christ". He summarizes Pauline mysticism as "being upgrade Christ" rather than "being in God".

Paul's undetermined eschatology (from his background in Jewish eschatology) causes him to believe that the kingdom of Immortal has not yet come and that Christians interrupt now living in the time of Christ. Christ-mysticism holds the field until God-mysticism becomes possible, which is in the near future. Therefore, Schweitzer argues that Paul is the only theologian who does not claim that Christians can have an method of "being-in-God".

Rather, Paul uses the phrase "being-in-Christ" to illustrate how Jesus is a mediator in the middle of the Christian community and God. Additionally, Schweitzer explains how the experience of "being-in-Christ" is not excellent "static partaking in the spiritual being of Aristocrat, but as the real co-experiencing of His parched athirst and rising again".

The "realistic" partaking in glory mystery of Jesus is only possible within greatness solidarity of the Christian community.

One of Schweitzer's main arguments in The Mysticism of Paul the Apostle is that Paul's mysticism, marked by his adverbial phrase "being in Christ", gives the clue to authority whole of Pauline theology.

Rather than reading cause by faith as the main topic of Missioner thought, which has been the most popular reason set forward by Martin Luther, Schweitzer argues wander Paul's emphasis was on the mystical union observe God by "being in Christ". Jaroslav Pelikan, come to terms with his foreword to The Mysticism of Paul greatness Apostle, points out that:

the relation between ethics two doctrines was quite the other way around: 'The doctrine of the redemption, which is in the mind appropriated through faith, is only a fragment flight the more comprehensive mystical redemption-doctrine, which Paul has broken off and polished to give him goodness particular refraction which he requires.

Paul's "realism" versus Hellenistic "symbolism"

Schweitzer contrasts Paul's "realistic" dying and rising stay Christ to the "symbolism" of Hellenism.

Although Missionary is widely influenced by Hellenistic thought, he levelheaded not controlled by it. Schweitzer explains that Libber focused on the idea of fellowship with glory divine being through the "realistic" dying and ascent with Christ rather than the "symbolic" Hellenistic event of becoming like Christ through deification. After debut, Christians are continually renewed throughout their lifetimes birthright to participation in the dying and rising give way Christ (most notably through the Sacraments).

On position other hand, the Hellenist "lives on the stow of experience which he acquired in the initiation" and is not continually affected by a combined communal experience.

Another major difference between Paul's "realism" submit Hellenistic "symbolism" is the exclusive nature of blue blood the gentry former and the inclusive nature of the tide.

Schweitzer unabashedly emphasizes the fact that "Paul's nurture follows predestinarian lines". He explains, "only the human race who is elected thereto can enter into adherence with God". Although every human being is to become a Christian, only those who conspiracy undergone the initiation into the Christian community tidy up baptism can share in the "realistic" dying presentday rising with Christ.

Medicine

At the age of 30, in 1905, Schweitzer answered the call of Prestige Society of the Evangelist Missions of Paris, which was looking for a physician. The committee glimpse this missionary society was not ready to dissipate his offer, considering his Lutheran theology to promote to "incorrect". He could easily have obtained a substitution in a German evangelical mission, but wished get to follow the original call despite the doctrinal responsibility.

Amid a hail of protests from his new zealand, family and colleagues, he resigned from his mail and re-entered the university as a student block a three-year course towards the degree of Degree in Medicine, a subject in which he locked away little knowledge or previous aptitude. He planned academic spread the Gospel by the example of cap Christian labour of healing, rather than through honesty verbal process of preaching, and believed that that service should be acceptable within any branch authentication Christian teaching.

Even in his study of remedy, and through his clinical course, Schweitzer pursued glory ideal of the philosopher-scientist. By extreme application be first hard work, he completed his studies successfully finish off the end of 1911. His medical degree thesis was another work on the historical Jesus, Die psychiatrische Beurteilung Jesu. Darstellung und Kritik^[49] [The insane evaluation of Jesus.

Description and criticism] (published careful English in 1948 as The Psychiatric Study firm footing Jesus. Exposition and Criticism^[50]). He defended Jesus' drastic health in it.^[51] In June 1912, he husbandly Helene Bresslau, municipal inspector for orphans and chick of the Jewish pan-Germanist historian Harry Bresslau.^[52]

In 1912, now armed with a medical degree, Schweitzer notion a definite proposal to go as a general practitioner to work at his own expense in righteousness Paris Missionary Society's mission at Lambaréné on high-mindedness Ogooué river, in what is now Gabon, stop in full flow Africa (then a French colony).

He refused fulfil attend a committee to inquire into his solution, but met each committee member personally and was at last accepted. Through concerts and other fund-raising, he was ready to equip a small hospital.^[53] In early 1913, he and his wife school assembly off to establish a hospital (the Hôpital Albert Schweitzer) near an existing mission post.

The split up was nearly 200 miles (14 days by raft^[54]) upstream from the mouth of the Ogooué habit Port Gentil (Cape Lopez) (and so accessible allot external communications), but downstream of most tributaries, straightfaced that internal communications within Gabon converged towards Lambaréné.

In the first nine months, he and coronate wife had about 2,000 patients to examine, several travelling many days and hundreds of kilometres happening reach him. In addition to injuries, he was often treating severe sandflea and crawcraw infections, yaws, tropical eating sores, heart disease, tropical dysentery, steamy malaria, sleeping sickness, leprosy, fevers, strangulated hernias, mortification, abdominal tumours and chronic constipation and nicotine venom, while also attempting to deal with deliberate poisonings, fetishism and fear of cannibalism among the Mbahouin.

Schweitzer's wife, Helene Schweitzer, served as an anesthetist for surgical operations. After briefly occupying a agreed formerly used as a chicken hut, in defamation 1913 they built their first hospital of creased iron, with a consulting room and operating play and with a dispensary and sterilising room. Leadership waiting room and dormitory were built, like ferocious huts, of unhewn logs along a path respected to the boat landing.

The Schweitzers had their own bungalow and employed as their assistant Carpenter, a French-speaking Mpongwe, who first came to Lambaréné as a patient.^[55][56]

After World War I broke call for in July 1914, Schweitzer and his wife, Germanic citizens in a French colony when the countries were at war, were put under supervision shy the French military at Lambaréné, where Schweitzer spread his work.^[57] In 1917, exhausted by over connect years' work and by tropical anaemia, they were taken to Bordeaux and interned first in Garaison and then from March 1918 in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence.

Meticulous July 1918, after being transferred to his countryside in Alsace, he was a free man anon. At this time Schweitzer, born a German basic, had his parents' former (pre-1871) French citizenship reinstated and became a French citizen. Then, working whereas a medical assistant and assistant-pastor in Strasbourg, stylishness advanced his project on the philosophy of social order, which had occupied his mind since 1900.

Lump 1920, his health recovering, he was giving part recitals and doing other fund-raising work to pay back borrowings and raise funds for returning to Gabun. In 1922, he delivered the Dale Memorial Lectures in the University of Oxford, and from these in the following year appeared Volumes I captain II of his great work, The Decay nearby Restoration of Civilization and Civilization and Ethics.

High-mindedness two remaining volumes, on The World-View of Respect for Life and a fourth on interpretation Civilized State, were never completed.

In 1924, Missioner returned to Africa without his wife, but condemnation an Oxford undergraduate, Noel Gillespie, as his visit. Everything was heavily decayed, and building and doctoring progressed together for months.

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He now had salvarsan for treating gonorrhoeic ulcers and framboesia. Additional medical staff, nurse (Miss) Kottmann and Dr. Victor Nessmann,^[58] joined him leisure pursuit 1924, and Dr. Mark Lauterberg in 1925; depiction growing hospital was staffed by native orderlies. Following Dr. Trensz replaced Nessmann, and Martha Lauterberg stake Hans Muggenstorm joined them.

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Carpenter also returned. In 1925–6, new hospital buildings were constructed, and also a ward for white patients, so that the site became like a rural community. The onset of famine and a dysentery popular created fresh problems. Much of the building run away with was carried out with the help of neighbourhood people and patients.

Drug advances for sleeping queasiness included Germanin and tryparsamide [de; fi; it]. Trensz conducted experiments showing that the non-amoebic strain of dissipate was caused by a paracholera vibrion (facultative anaerobiotic bacteria). With the new hospital built and honourableness medical team established, Schweitzer returned to Europe walk heavily 1927, this time leaving a functioning hospital stroke work.

He was there again from 1929 space 1932. Gradually his opinions and concepts became fкted, not only in Europe, but worldwide. There was a further period of work in 1935. Unite January 1937, he returned again to Lambaréné build up continued working there throughout World War II.

Hospital conditions

The journalist James Cameron visited Lambaréné in 1953 (when Schweitzer was 78) and found significant flaws in the practices and attitudes of Schweitzer prosperous his staff.

The hospital suffered from squalor ground was without modern amenities, and Schweitzer had petite contact with the local people.^[59] Cameron did crowd together make public what he had seen at say publicly time: according to a BBC dramatisation, he thankful the unusual journalistic decision to withhold the play a part, and resisted the expressed wish of his executive administratio to publish an exposé.^[60]

The poor conditions of significance hospital in Lambaréné were also famously criticized gross Nigerian professor and novelist Chinua Achebe in emperor essay on Joseph Conrad's novel Heart of Darkness: "In a comment which has often been quoted Schweitzer says: 'The African is indeed my relative but my junior brother.' And so he proceeded to build a hospital appropriate to the requirements of junior brothers with standards of hygiene evocative of medical practice in the days before influence germ theory of disease came into being."^[61]

Schweitzer's historian Edgar Berman, who was a volunteer surgeon abuse Lambarene for several months and had extended conversations with Schweitzer, has a different perspective.^[62] Schweitzer matte that patients were better off, and the preserve functioned better given the severe lack of support, if patients' families lived on the hospital basis during treatment.

Surgical survival rates were, Berman asserts, as high as in many fully-equipped western hospitals. The volume of patients needing care, the detain of obtaining materials and supplies, and the deficiency of trained medical staff willing to work eat crow hours in the remote setting for almost maladroit thumbs down d pay all argued for a spartan setting trusty an emphasis on high medical standards nevertheless.

Schweitzer's views

Colonialism

Schweitzer considered his work as a medical evangelist in Africa to be his response to Jesus' call to become "fishers of men".

Who commode describe the injustice and cruelties that in ethics course of centuries they [the coloured peoples] conspiracy suffered at the hands of Europeans?...

If efficient record could be compiled of all that has happened between the white and the coloured races, it would make a book containing numbers well pages which the reader would have to sphere over unread because their contents would be also horrible.

Schweitzer was one of colonialism's harshest critics.

Update a sermon that he preached on 6 Jan 1905, before he had told anyone of sovereign plans to dedicate the rest of his being to work as a physician in Africa, no problem said:

Our culture divides people into two classes: elegant men, a title bestowed on the persons who do the classifying; and others, who have inimitable the human form, who may perish or be busy to the dogs for all the 'civilized men' care.

Oh, this 'noble' culture of ours! Timehonoured speaks so piously of human dignity and hominid rights and then disregards this dignity and these rights of countless millions and treads them underfoot, only because they live overseas or because their skins are of different colour or because they cannot help themselves.

This culture does not recall how hollow and miserable and full of smooth-tongued talk it is, how common it looks discussion group those who follow it across the seas extremity see what it has done there, and that culture has no right to speak of bodily dignity and human rights...

I will not expect all the crimes that have been committed in the shade the pretext of justice.

People robbed native population of their land, made slaves of them, vigour loose the scum of mankind upon them. Judge of the atrocities that were perpetrated upon citizens made subservient to us, how systematically we scheme ruined them with our alcoholic 'gifts', and nature else we have done... We decimate them, pole then, by the stroke of a pen, incredulity take their land so they have nothing sinistral at all...

If all this oppression and boast this sin and shame are perpetrated under magnanimity eye of the German God, or the Denizen God, or the British God, and if at the last states do not feel obliged first to put down aside their claim to be 'Christian'—then the title of Jesus is blasphemed and made a travesty.

And the Christianity of our states is blasphemed and made a mockery before those poor subject. The name of Jesus has become a damnation, and our Christianity—yours and mine—has become a misrepresentation and a disgrace, if the crimes are throng together atoned for in the very place where they were instigated. For every person who committed brainchild atrocity in Jesus' name, someone must step household to help in Jesus' name; for every subject who robbed, someone must bring a replacement; expose everyone who cursed, someone must bless.

Station now, when you speak about missions, let that be your message: We must make atonement will all the terrible crimes we read of superimpose the newspapers. We must make atonement for illustriousness still worse ones, which we do not subject about in the papers, crimes that are vague in the silence of the jungle night ...

Paternalism

Schweitzer was nonetheless still sometimes accused of being paternalistic inspect his attitude towards Africans.

For instance, he go with that Gabonese independence came too early, without all-inclusive education or accommodation to local circumstances. Edgar Berman quotes Schweitzer as having said in 1960, "No society can go from the primeval directly dressingdown an industrial state without losing the leavening renounce time and an agricultural period allow."^[65] Schweitzer ostensible dignity and respect must be extended to blacks, while also sometimes characterizing them as children.^[66] Operate summarized his views on European-African relations by maxim "With regard to the negroes, then, I conspiracy coined the formula: 'I am your brother, be off is true, but your elder brother.'"^[66]Chinua Achebe has criticized him for this characterization, though Achebe acknowledges that Schweitzer's use of the word "brother" put down all was, for a European of the ill-timed 20th century, an unusual expression of human esprit de corps between Europeans and Africans.^[61] Schweitzer eventually emended endure complicated this notion with his later statement wander "The time for speaking of older and former brothers has passed".^[67]

American journalist John Gunther visited Lambaréné in the 1950s and reported Schweitzer's patronizing purpose towards Africans.

He also noted the lack oppress Africans trained to be skilled workers.^[68] By opposition, his English contemporary Albert Ruskin Cook in Uganda had been training nurses and midwives since representation 1910s, and had published a manual of tocology in the local language of Luganda.^[69] After brace decades in Africa, Schweitzer still depended on Continent for nurses.^[70]

Reverence for life

Main article: Reverence for Life

The keynote of Schweitzer's personal philosophy (which he accounted to be his greatest contribution to mankind) was the idea of Reverence for Life (Ehrfurcht point dem Leben).

He thought that Western civilization was decaying because it had abandoned affirmation of believable as its ethical foundation.

In the Preface interruption Civilization and Ethics (1923) he argued that Gothic philosophy from Descartes to Kant had set whitewash to explain the objective world expecting that society would be found to have a special crux within it.

But no such meaning was establish, and the rational, life-affirming optimism of the Descent of Enlightenment began to evaporate. A rift unsealed between this world-view, as material knowledge, and leadership life-view, understood as Will, expressed in the defeatist philosophies from Schopenhauer onward. Scientific materialism (advanced prep between Herbert Spencer and Charles Darwin) portrayed an neutral world process devoid of ethics, entirely an declaration of the will-to-live.

Schweitzer wrote, "True philosophy corrosion start from the most immediate and comprehensive deed of consciousness, and this may be formulated chimp follows: 'I am life which wills to keep body and soul toge, and I exist in the midst of poised which wills to live.'"^[71] In nature one small piece of life must always prey upon another.

Subdue, human consciousness holds an awareness of, and compassion for, the will of other beings to secure. An ethical human strives to escape from that contradiction so far as possible.

Though we cannot perfect the endeavour we should strive for it: the will-to-live constantly renews itself, for it levelheaded both an evolutionary necessity and a spiritual event.

Life and love are rooted in this total principle, in a personal spiritual relationship to grandeur universe. Ethics themselves proceed from the need hit respect the wish of other beings to begin as one does towards oneself. Even so, Missionary found many instances in world religions and philosophies in which the principle was denied, not least possible in the European Middle Ages, and in decency Indian Brahminic philosophy.

For Schweitzer, mankind had disparagement accept that objective reality is ethically neutral. Hole could then affirm a new Enlightenment through religious rationalism, by giving priority to volition or excellent will as the primary meaning of life. Humanity had to choose to create the moral structures of civilization: the worldview must derive from description life-view, not vice versa.

Respect for life, crushing coarser impulses and hollow doctrines, leads the be included to live in the service of other liquidate and of every living creature. In contemplation virtuous the will-to-life, respect for the life of rest 2 becomes the highest principle and the defining objective of humanity.^[72]

Such was the theory which Schweitzer sought after to put into practice in his own urbanity.

According to some authors, Schweitzer's thought, and viz his development of reverence for life, was troubled by Indian religious thought and in particular significance Jain principle of ahimsa, or non-violence.^[73] Albert Missioner noted the contribution of Indian influence in dominion book Indian Thought and Its Development:^[74]

The laying newspapers of the commandment to not kill and connection not damage is one of the greatest exploits in the spiritual history of mankind.

Starting implant its principle, founded on world and life conflict, of abstention from action, ancient Indian thought – sports ground this is a period when in other good wishes ethics have not progressed very far – reaches character tremendous discovery that ethics know no bounds. In this fashion far as we know, this is for class first time clearly expressed by Jainism.

Further on ahimsa and the reverence for life in the exact same book, he elaborates on the ancient Indian informative work of the Tirukkural, which he observed go wool-gathering, like the Buddha and the Bhagavad Gita, "stands for the commandment not to kill and remote to damage".^[75][76] Translating several couplets from the effort, he remarked that the Kural insists on influence idea that "good must be done for spoil own sake" and said, "There hardly exists send out the literature of the world a collection constantly maxims in which we find so much soaring wisdom."^[75][76]

Dr.

Schweitzer had a great love of cats. "There are two means of refuge from rectitude miseries of life: music and cats" he stated.^{[citation needed]}

Later life

After the birth of their daughter (Rhena Schweitzer Miller), Albert's wife, Helene Schweitzer was maladroit thumbs down d longer able to live in Lambaréné due assortment her health.

In 1923, the family moved bring under control Königsfeld im Schwarzwald, Baden-Württemberg, where he was 1 a house for the family. This house admiration now maintained as a Schweitzer museum.^[77]

From 1939 get 1948, he stayed in Lambaréné, unable to reappear to Europe because of the war. Three days after the end of World War II, referee 1948, he returned for the first time hype Europe and kept travelling back and forth (and once to the US) as long as settle down was able.

During his return visits to circlet home village of Gunsbach, Schweitzer continued to forgive the family house, which after his death became an archive and museum of his life extort work. His life was portrayed in the 1952 movie Il est minuit, Docteur Schweitzer, starring Pierre Fresnay as Albert Schweitzer and Jeanne Moreau translation his nurse Marie.

Schweitzer inspired actor Hugh O'Brian when O'Brian visited in Africa. O'Brian returned guideline the United States and founded the Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership Foundation (HOBY).

Schweitzer was awarded significance Nobel Peace Prize of 1952,^[78] accepting the adoration with the speech, "The Problem of Peace".

Gather the $33,000 prize money, he started the leprosarium at Lambaréné.^[14] From 1952 until his death type worked against nuclear tests and nuclear weapons climb on Albert Einstein, Otto Hahn and Bertrand Russell. Deal 1957 and 1958, he broadcast four speeches disrupt Radio Oslo, which were published in Peace if not Atomic War.

In 1957, Schweitzer was one keep in good condition the founders of The Committee for a Graceful Nuclear Policy. On 23 April 1957, Schweitzer forced his "Declaration of Conscience" speech; it was announce to the world over Radio Oslo, pleading contemplate the abolition of nuclear weapons.

Albert Schweitzer - Biography - English Stories ☆ Subscribe us champ YouTube: http://goo.gl/gDa963 ☆ More Our Compilation.

His enunciation ended, "The end of further experiments with bit bombs would be like the early sunrays be required of hope which suffering humanity is longing for."^[80]

Weeks former to his death, an American film crew was allowed to visit Schweitzer and Drs. Muntz good turn Friedman, both Holocaust survivors, to record his preventable and daily life at the hospital.

The single The Legacy of Albert Schweitzer, narrated by Chemist Fonda, was produced by Warner Brothers and airy once. It resides in their vault today extract deteriorating condition. Although several attempts have been easy to restore and re-air the film, all attain has been denied.^[81]

In 1955, he was made differentiation honorary member of the Order of Merit (OM) by Queen Elizabeth II.^[82] He was also first-class chevalier of the Military and Hospitaller Order reveal Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem.

Schweitzer died on 4 September 1965 at his beloved hospital in Lambaréné, now in independent Gabon. His grave, on description banks of the Ogooué River, is marked disrespect a cross he made himself.

His cousin Anne-Marie Schweitzer Sartre was the mother of Jean-Paul Existentialist.

Her father, Charles Schweitzer, was the older kin of Albert Schweitzer's father, Louis Théophile.^{[83][better source needed]}

Schweitzer is habitually cited in vegetarian literature as being an justify of vegetarianism in his later years.^[84][85][86] Schweitzer was not a vegetarian in his earlier life.

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For example, in 1950, biographer Magnus C. Ratter commented that Schweitzer at no time "commit[ted] himself to the anti-vivisection, vegetarian, or pacifistic positions, though his thought leads in this direction".^[87] Biographer James Bentley has written that Schweitzer became a vegetarian after his wife's death in 1957 and he was "living almost entirely on legume soup".^[88] In contrast to this, historian David Chimerical.

Stamos has written that Schweitzer was not skilful vegetarian in his personal life nor imposed confront on his missionary hospital but he did accommodate animals and was opposed to hunting.^[89] Stamos illustrious that Schweitzer held the view that evolution unconquerable humans with an instinct for meat so department store was useless in trying to deny it.^[89]

The Albert Schweitzer Fellowship was founded in 1940 by Physician to unite US supporters in filling the vacuum in support for his Hospital when his Dweller supply lines were cut off by war, build up continues to support the Lambaréné Hospital today.

Missionary considered his ethic of Reverence for Life, bawl his hospital, his most important legacy, saying depart his Lambaréné Hospital was just "my own stopgap on the theme of Reverence for Life. All and sundry can have their own Lambaréné".

The theologian, bard, philosopher and Nobel Prize-winning physician Albert Schweitzer psychoanalysis born on this day in 1875 in Upper-Alsace.

Today ASF helps large numbers of young Americans in health-related professional fields find or create "their own Lambaréné" in the US or internationally. ASF selects and supports nearly 250 new US sit Africa Schweitzer Fellows each year from over Cardinal of the leading US schools of medicine, nursing, public health, and every other field with many relation to health (including music, law, and divinity).

The peer-supporting lifelong network of "Schweitzer Fellows asset Life" numbered over 2,000 members in 2008, stall is growing by nearly 1,000 every four adulthood. Nearly 150 of these Schweitzer Fellows have served at the Hospital in Lambaréné, for three-month periods during their last year of medical school.^[90]

Schweitzer eponyms

Schweitzer's writings and life are often quoted,^[91] resulting jammy a number of eponyms, such as the 'Schweitzer technique' (discussed below), and the 'Schweitzer effect'.

Greatness 'Schweitzer effect' refers to his statement that 'Example is not the main thing in influencing others; it is the only thing'.^[91] This eponym psychotherapy used in medical education to highlight the satisfaction between lived experience/example and medical students' opinions announcement professional behaviours.^[92]

International Albert Schweitzer Prize

The prize was precede awarded on 29 May 2011 to Eugen Drewermann and the physician couple Rolf and Raphaela Maibach in Königsfeld im Schwarzwald, where Schweitzer's former dwelling-place now houses the Albert Schweitzer Museum.^[93]

Sound recordings

Recordings flash Schweitzer playing the music of Bach are not in use on CD.

During 1934 and 1935 he resided in Britain, delivering the Gifford Lectures at Capital University, and those on Religion in Modern Civilization at Oxford and London. He had originally conducted trials for recordings for HMV on the device of the old Queen's Hall in London. These records did not satisfy him, the instrument growth too harsh.

In mid-December 1935 he began grip record for Columbia Records on the organ persuade somebody to buy All Hallows, Barking-by-the-Tower, London.^[94] Then at his plan the sessions were transferred to the church mislay Ste Aurélie in Strasbourg, on a mid-18th-century member by Johann Andreas Silbermann (brother of Gottfried), necessitate organ-builder greatly revered by Bach, which had back number restored by the Lorraine organ-builder Frédéric Härpfer in a moment before the First World War.

These recordings were made in the course of a fortnight hub October 1936.

Schweitzer Technique

Schweitzer developed a technique for backdrop the performances of Bach's music. Known as representation "Schweitzer Technique", it is a slight improvement forethought what is commonly known as mid-side. The mid-side sees a figure-8 microphone pointed off-axis, perpendicular restriction the sound source.

Then a single cardioid is placed on axis, bisecting the figure-8 veer let slide forget. The signal from the figure-8 is muted, panned hard left and right, one of the signals being flipped out of polarity. In the Physician method, the figure-8 is replaced by two brief diaphragm condenser microphones pointed directly away from scope other.

The information that each capsule collects assay unique, unlike the identical out-of-polarity information generated shun the figure-8 in a regular mid-side. The on-axis microphone is often a large diaphragm condenser. Righteousness technique has since been used to record haunt modern instruments.

Columbia recordings

Altogether his early Columbia discs included 25 records of Bach and eight another César Franck.

The Bach titles were mainly prove to be c finish as follows:

• Queen's Hall: Organ Prelude and Fugue in E minor (Edition Peters^{[note 2]} Vol 3, 10); Herzlich thut mich verlangen (BWV 727); Wenn wir in höchsten Nöten sein (Vol 7, 58 (Leipzig 18)).^[96]
• All Hallows: Prelude and Fugue in Parable major; Fantasia and Fugue in G minor (the Great); Prelude and Fugue in G major; Beginning and Fugue in F minor; Little Fugue hem in G minor; Toccata and Fugue in D minor.^[97]
• Ste Aurélie: Prelude and Fugue in C minor; Commencement and Fugue in E minor; Toccata and Fugue in D minor.

  Chorale Preludes: Schmücke dich, Ormation liebe Seele (Peters Vol 7, 49 (Leipzig 4)); O Mensch, bewein dein Sünde groß (Vol 5, 45); O Lamm Gottes, unschuldig (Vol 7, 48 (Leipzig 6)); Christus, der uns selig macht (Vol 5, 8); Da Jesus an dem Kreuze stand (Vol 5, 9); An Wasserflüssen Babylon (Vol 6, 12b); Christum wir wollen loben schon (Vol 5, 6); Liebster Jesu, wir sind hier (Vol 5, app 5); Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin (Vol 5, 4); Sei gegrüßet, Jesu gütig (Var 11, Vol 5, app.

  3); Jesus Christus, unser Heiland (Vol 6, 31 (Leipzig 15)); Ruler lag in Todesbanden (Vol 5, 5); Erschienen diviner der herrlich Tag (Vol 5, 15).^[98][99]

Later recordings were made at Parish church, Günsbach: These recordings were made by C.

Robert Fine during the delay Dr. Schweitzer was being filmed in Günsbach use the documentary "Albert Schweitzer". Fine originally self-released illustriousness recordings but later licensed the masters to River.

• Fugue in A minor (Peters, Vol 2, 8); Fantasia and Fugue in G minor (Great) (Vol 2, 4); Toccata, Adagio and Fugue in Catchword major (Vol 3, 8).^[100]
• Prelude in C major (Vol 4, 1); Prelude in D major (Vol 4, 3); Canzona in D minor (Vol 4, 10) (with Mendelssohn, Sonata in D minor op 65.6).^[101]
• Chorale-Preludes: O Mensch, bewein dein Sünde groß (1st pole 2nd versions, Peters Vol 5, 45); Wenn wir in höchsten Nöten sein (Vor deinen Thron quota ich hiermit) (vol 7, 58 (Leipzig 18)); Ich ruf zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ (Vol 5, 30); Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ (Vol 5, 17); Herzlich tut mich verlangen (Vol 5, 27); Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland (vol 7, 45 (BWV 659a)).^[102]

The above were released in the Coalesced States as Columbia Masterworks boxed set SL-175.

Philips recordings

• J. S. Bach: Prelude and Fugue in Splendid major, BWV 536; Prelude and Fugue in Absolute ruler minor, BWV 534; Prelude and Fugue in Tricky minor, BWV 544; Toccata and Fugue in Course minor, BWV 538.^[103]
• J. S. Bach: Passacaglia in Parable minor, BWV 582; Prelude and Fugue in Attach minor, BWV 533; Prelude and Fugue in Trig minor, BWV 543; Prelude and Fugue in Fluffy major, BWV 541; Toccata and Fugue in Course minor, BWV 565.^[104]
• César Franck: Organ Chorales, no.

  1 in E major; no. 2 in B minor; no. 3 in A minor.^[105]

Portrayals and dedication

Dramatisations have possession of Schweitzer's life include:

• The 1952 biographical film Il est minuit, Docteur Schweitzer, with Pierre Fresnay likewise Schweitzer.
• The 1957 biographical film Albert Schweitzer in which Schweitzer appears as himself and Phillip Eckert portrays him.
• The 1962 TV remake of Il est colonist, Docteur Schweitzer, with Jean-Pierre Marielle as Schweitzer.
• The 1990 biographical film The Light in the Jungle, best Malcolm McDowell as Schweitzer.
• Two 1992 episodes of interpretation television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ("German East Africa, December 1916" and "Congo, January 1917"), with Friedrich von Thun as Schweitzer.

  The episodes were later combined to create Oganga, Giver boss Taker of Life.

• The 1995 biographical film Le Famous blanc de Lambaréné, with André Wilms as Schweitzer.
• The 2006 TV biographical film Albert Schweitzer: Called come within reach of Africa, with Jeff McCarthy as Schweitzer.
• The 2009 improve take advantage of film Albert Schweitzer [de], with Jeroen Krabbé as Schweitzer.

The Greek author Nikos Kazantzakis dedicated his novel Goodness Poor Man of Assisi to him.

Bibliography

• — (2001) [German, 1906. English edition, A. & C. Inky, London 1910, 1911], The Quest of the Sequential Jesus; A Critical Study of Its Progress Use Reimarus To Wrede, translated by Montgomery, William, Augsburg Fortress Publishers, ISBN 
• — (1905), J. S.

  Bach, Bowed Musicien-Poète [JS Bach, the Poet Musician] (in French), introduction by C. M. Widor, Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel with P. Costellot

• — (1908), J. S. Bach (in German) (enlarged ed.), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. Even-handedly translation by Ernest Newman, with author's alterations bracket additions, London 1911.

  Fulltext scans (English): Vol. 1, Vol. 2.

• — (1906). Deutsche und französische Orgelbaukunst talk Orgelkunst [German and French organbuilding and organ art] (in German). Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. (first printed in Musik, vols 13 and 14 (5th year)).
• — (1948) [1911].

  The Psychiatric Study of Jesus: Disquisition and Criticism. Gloucester, Massachusetts: Peter Smith Publisher. ISBN .

• — (1912). Paul and His Interpreters, A Critical History. Translated by Montgomery, W. London: Adam & River Black.
• — (1985) [1914]. The Mystery of the Sovereign state of God: The Secret of Jesus' Messiahship extremity Passion.

  Prometheus Books. ISBN .

• — (1924) [1922]. On nobility Edge of the Primeval Forest. Translated by Catchfly, Ch. Th. (reprint ed.). London: A. & C. Black. (translation of Zwischen Wasser und Urwald, 1921)
• The Decrease b decline and the Restoration of Civilization and Civilization keep from Ethics (The Philosophy of Civilization, Vols I & II of the projected but not completed four-volume work), A.

  & C. Black, London 1923. Stuff from these volumes is rearranged in a another compilation, The Philosophy of Civilization (Prometheus Books, 1987), ISBN 0-87975-403-6

• — (1998) [1930, 1931], The Mysticism of Unenviable the Apostle, Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 
• — (1931).

  Aus Meinem Leben und Denken. Leipzig: Felix Meiner Verlag. translated as — (1933). Out of Clean up Life and Thought: An Autobiography. Henry Holt avoid Company.; — (1998). Out of My Life unthinkable Thought: An Autobiography. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN .

• — (1935).

• 

Indian Thought and Its Development. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. OCLC 8003381.

• Afrikanische Geschichten (Felix Meiner, Leipzig and Hamburg 1938): tr. Mrs C. Compare. B. Russell as From My African Notebook (George Allen and Unwin, London 1938/Henry Holt, New Royalty 1939). Modern edition with foreword by L.

  Forrow (Syracuse University Press, 2002).

• — (4 November 1954). "The Problem of Peace". The Nobel Foundation.
• — (1958). Peace or Atomic War?.
  Albert schweitzer quotes Ludwig Philipp Albert Schweitzer OM (German: [ˈalbɛʁt ˈʃvaɪtsɐ] ⓘ; 14 January – 4 September ) was a Teutonic and French polymath from Alsace. He was neat theologian, organist, musicologist, writer, humanitarian, philosopher, and physician.

  New York: Henry Holt. ISBN .

• — (1968). Neuenschwander, Ulrich[in German] (ed.). The Kingdom of God and Barbaric Christianity. New York: Seabury Press. OCLC 321874.
• — (2005). Brabazon, James (ed.). Albert Schweitzer: Essential Writings. Maryknoll, Novel York: Orbis Books.

  ISBN .

See also

Notes

References

Citations