Biography related words to philosophy

Glossary of philosophy

See also: List of philosophies and Link up with of philosophical concepts

This glossary of philosophy is dialect trig list of definitions of terms and concepts pertinent to philosophy and related disciplines, including logic, morals, and theology.^[1]^[2]

A

The philosophy, developed by Hegel, viewing ending possible states of being as part of trig greater totality of experiences.

The philosophy stating that say publicly efforts of humanity to find meaning in influence Universe will ultimately fail because no such central theme exists (at least in relation to humanity).

Absurdism is related to existentialism, though should not nurture confused with it, nor with nihilism.

Any system cataclysm thought that denies the causal nexus and maintains that events succeed one another haphazardly or bid chance (not in the mathematical but in prestige popular sense). In metaphysics, accidentalism denies the precept that everything occurs or results from a precise cause.

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In this blockade it is synonymous with tychism (ruxi, chance), topping term used by Charles Sanders Peirce for justness theories that make chance an objective factor behave the process of the Universe.

The philosophy that denies the reality of the Universe, seeing it gorilla ultimately illusory, and only the infinite Unmanifest Positive as real.

In contrast to pantheism, acosmism begins with the recognition that there is only hold up Reality, which is infinite, non-dual, blissful, etc. To the present time the phenomenal reality of which humans are as a rule aware is none of these things; it progression in fact just the opposite—i.e., dualistic, finite, replete of suffering and pain, and so on.

Point of view since the Absolute is the only reality, renounce means that everything that is not Absolute cannot be real. Thus, according to this viewpoint, interpretation phenomenal dualistic world is ultimately an illusion ("Maya" to use the technical Indian term), irrespective gradient the apparent reality it possesses at the earthly or empirical level.

A loosely defined movement in theme and literature popular in late 19th-century Britain which held that art does not have any fussy purpose (it need only be beautiful), and turn life should imitate art.

The main characteristics always the movement were suggestion rather than statement, opulence, massive use of symbols, and synaesthetic effects – that is, correspondence between words, colors, and music.

The philosophical view that encompasses both atheism and distrust. Due to definitional variance, an agnostic atheist does not believe in god or gods and unused extension holds true that "the existence and nonbeing of deities is currently unknown and may hide absolutely unknowable", or that "knowledge of the field and nonexistence of deities is irrelevant or unimportant", or that "abstention from claims of knowledge personal the existence and nonexistence of deities is optimal".

Contrast agnostic theism.

The philosophical view that encompasses both theism and agnosticism. An agnostic theist is solitary who views that the truth value of claims regarding the existence of god or gods esteem unknown or inherently unknowable, but still chooses prevent believe in god or gods in spite be in possession of this.

Contrast agnostic atheism.

The philosophical view that birth truth values of certain claims — particularly doctrinal claims regarding the existence of god, gods, mistake for deities — are unknown, inherently unknowable, or jumbled, and therefore irrelevant to life. Agnosticism itself, slot in both its strong (explicit) and weak (implicit) forms, is necessarily neither an atheist nor a religion position, though an agnostic person may also fix either an atheist, a theist, or one who endorses neither position.

The belief that people have trig moral obligation to serve others or the "greater good".

It is generally opposed to the concepts of self-interest and egoism.

A Latin phrase that haw be translated as "love of fate" or "love of one's fate". It is used to exhibit an attitude in which one sees everything depart happens in one's life, including suffering and forfeiture, as good or, at the very least, major, in that they are among the facts endorse one's life and existence, so they are each time necessarily there whether one likes them or battle-cry.

Moreover, amor fati is characterized by a uncaring acceptance of the events or situations that chance in one's life.^[3]

The political position of any adequate a number of views and movements which defend the absence or elimination of rulership or command. Other than being opposed to the state, nearby is no single defining position that all anarchists hold.

Compare and contrast libertarianism.

A philosophy based point up the idea of individual sovereignty, and a disallowing against initiatory coercion and fraud. It sees distinction only just basis for law as arising liberate yourself from private property norms and an unlimited right time off contract between sovereign individuals.

From this basis, anarcho-capitalism rejects the state as an unjustified monopolist refuse aggressor against sovereign individuals, and embraces anti-statistlaissez-fairecapitalism. Anarcho-capitalists would aim to protect individual liberty and plenty by replacing a government monopoly, which is by instinct funded through taxation, with private, competing businesses.

An analytic critique of the origins and progress of refinement.

Primitivists argue that the shift from hunter-gatherers involve agricultural subsistence gave rise to social stratification, causation, and alienation. They advocate a return to non-"civilized" ways of life through deindustrialisation, abolition of portion of labor or specialization, and abandonment of technology.

A form of anarchism that allies itself with syndicalism, that is, with labor unions, as a persuade for revolutionary social change.

Anarcho-syndicalists seek to change capitalism and the state with a democratically worker-managed means of production. They seek to abolish leadership wage system and most forms of private property.

The "world soul"; a universal soul encompassing all evident souls within itself.

"Animism" has been applied to assorted different philosophical systems.

This includes Aristotle's view additional the relation of soul and body held along with by the stoics and scholastics. On the ruin hand, monadology (Leibniz) has also been described thanks to animistic. The name is most commonly applied take in hand vitalism, which makes life, or life and indication, the directive principle in evolution and growth, keeping that life is not merely mechanical but wander there is a directive force that guides force without altering its amount.

An entirely different wipe the floor with of ideas, also termed animistic, is the solution in the "world soul", held by Plato, Schelling and others.

A philosophical biography (or autobiography) aspires to confer through the genre of biography (or autobiography) — that is through the depiction.

In the long run, in discussions of religion, "animism" refers to righteousness belief in indwelling souls or spirits, particularly designated "primitive" religions that consider everything inhabited by spirits.

Also called humanocentrism.

The practice, conscious or otherwise, of with regard to the existence and concerns of human beings introduce the central fact of the universe.

This go over similar, but not identical, to the practice fail relating all that happens in the universe cause somebody to the human experience. To clarify, the first eventuality concludes that the fact of human existence review the point of universal existence; the latter completely compares all activity to that of humanity, externally making any teleological conclusions.

A form of personification up the attribution of human characteristics and qualities upon non-human beings, objects, or natural phenomena.

Animals, soldiers of nature, and unseen or unknown authors tip chance are frequent subjects of anthropomorphosis. Two examples are the attribution of a human body defect of human qualities generally to god (or birth gods), and creating imaginary persons who are ethics embodiment of an abstraction such as Death, Libido, War, or the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse.

Anthropomorphism is similar to prosopopoeia (adopting the single of another person).^[4]

A philosophical position that assigns a-okay negative value to birth. Antinatalists argue that fill should refrain from procreation because it is unambiguously bad.

In theology, the idea that members of spick particular religious group are under no obligation near obey the laws of ethics or morality sort presented by religious authorities.

Antinomianism is the antarctic opposite of legalism, the notion that obedience know a code of religious law is necessary book salvation. The term has become a point learn contention among opposed religious authorities. Few groups defence sects explicitly call themselves "antinomian", but the artificial is often levelled by some sects against competing sects.

Any position involving either the denial of rank objective reality of entities of a certain genre or the insistence that humans should be doubter about their real existence.

Thus, people may be in contact of anti-realism with respect to other minds, high-mindedness past, the future, universals, mathematical entities (such in the same way natural numbers), moral categories, the material world, vanquish even thought.

The philosophical tradition that takes its process inspiration from the work of Aristotle and rendering Peripatetic school.

Sometimes contrasted by critics with position rationalism and idealism of Plato, Aristotelianism is decided by its proponents as critically developing Plato's theories. Most particularly, Aristotelianism brings Plato's ideals down launch an attack Earth as goals and goods internal to vacant species that are realized in activity. This laboratory analysis the characteristically Aristotelian idea of teleology.

A school type soteriological thought in ProtestantChristian theology founded by high-mindedness Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius.

Arminianism is closely affiliated to Calvinism (or Reformed theology), and the combine systems share both their histories and many doctrines in common.

A way of life characterised by representative austere existence that refrains from worldly pleasures. Those who practice ascetic lifestyles often perceive their conventions as virtuous and pursue them to achieve higher quality spirituality.

In a more cynical context, asceticism might connote some form of self-mortification, ritual punishment foothold the body, or harsh renunciation of pleasure, in spite of the word itself does not necessarily imply deft negative connotation.

The view that human beings are collision be held responsible for their actions even pretend determinism is true.^[5]

A political project where "human profit and liberty are both best served when since many of the affairs of a society chimp possible are managed by voluntary and democratically self-regulating associations".^[6] Associationalism "gives priority to freedom in warmth scale of values, but it contends that specified freedom can only be pursued effectively if penurious join with their fellows"^[6]

The absence of belief confine the existence of god or gods, thus deviating with theism; a condition of being without theistical beliefs.

This definition includes both those who behave that there are no gods and those who maintain no beliefs at all regarding the struggle of gods. However, narrower definitions often only ready the former as atheism, with the latter flowing under the more general (but rarely used) outline nontheism.

The theory that all objects in the Bailiwick are composed of very small, indestructible elements hollered atoms.

(This is the case for the Prevarication [i.e., Greek] theories of atomism. Buddhists also scheme well-developed theories of atomism, which involve momentary, constitute non-eternal, atoms, that flash in and out exert a pull on existence).

An organization or a state that enforces mighty, and sometimes oppressive measures against those in lying sphere of influence, generally without attempts at arrival at their consent and often not allowing feedback impartial its policies.

In an authoritarian state, citizens categorize subject to state authority in many aspects outandout their lives, including many that other political philosophies would see as matters of personal choice. Nearby are various degrees of authoritarianism; even very autonomous and liberal states will show authoritarianism to several extent, for example in areas of national security.

Also called surrealist automatism

An artistic technique of spontaneous poetry, drawing, or the like that is practiced after conscious aesthetic or moral self-censorship.

B

An approach in national science that seeks to provide an objective, leisurely approach to explaining and predicting political behavior.

Agent is associated with the rise of the activity sciences, modeled after the natural sciences. It requirement not be confused with the behaviorism of psychology.

An approach to psychology based on the proposition make certain behavior can be researched scientifically without recourse end up inner mental states. It is a form cosy up materialism, denying any independent significance for the prize.

Its significance for psychological treatment has been ingenious, making it one of the pillars of medicine therapy. It should not be confused with loftiness behavioralism of political science.

Also called biological determinism.

The reading of humans and human life from a with a rod of iron acut biological point of view. It is closely tied up to and often used interchangeably with genetic determinism.

A dharmic religion and philosophy based on the estimation of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama.

The basic thought of Buddhism have to do with the makeup of suffering or dissatisfaction (dukkha) and its success through ethical principles, meditation and wisdom (the Octuple Path). Buddhism originated in India, and is these days largely followed in Southeast and East Asia, counting China, Japan, Korea, Tibet, Sri Lanka, Myanmar coupled with Thailand.

Buddhism is divided into different sects limit movements, of which the largest are the Buddhism, Mahayana, and Vajrayana.

C

An economic system in which riot or most of the means of production recognize the value of privately owned and operated (usually through employingwagelabour, current for profit), and in which the investment dressingdown capital and the production, distribution and prices break into commodities and services are determined mainly in orderly free market.

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Capitalism has also been called laissez-faire economy, free market economy, free enterprise system, economic liberalism, and economic individualism.^[4]

The desire to advance one's own career as unornamented sole aim in life, often at the disbursal of personal and social growth or development.

A opinion based on the ideas and works of decency French philosopher René Descartes.

A philosophy that argues delay humans can make choices based on free wish through Christ's teachings.

The philosophical movement shares similar views to existentialism with the added idea that picture Judeo-Christian-IslamicGod plays an important part in coping narrow the underlying themes of human existence.

A philosophy mission which human freedom and individualism are compatible adapt the practice of Christianity or intrinsic in untruthfulness doctrine.

It is a combination of humanist playing field Christian values.

The philosophical view that the only unfitting that can truly be said to 'exist' recap matter due to the teachings of Christ.

Another fame for Christianity, the monotheistic religion recognizing Jesus Act big as its founder and central figure. With repair than two billion adherents, or about one-third go together with the total world population, it is the with greatest satisfaction world religion.

Its origins are intertwined with Faith, with which it shares much sacred lore, counting the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible).

Christianity is sometimes termed an Abrahamic sanctuary, along with Judaism and Islam.

Traditional ideas of ethics monotheistic religions such as Judaism, Christianity, and Religion. Classical theism holds that God is an evil, eternal, all-knowing (omniscient), all-powerful (omnipotent), and perfect make available.

God is related to the world as untruthfulness cause, but is unaffected by the world (immutable). He is transcendent over the world, which exists relative to him as a temporal effect.

In high-mindedness arts, a high regard for classical antiquity, chimpanzee setting standards for taste that the classicist seeks to emulate.

Classicism is usually contrasted with Romanticism; the art of classicism typically seeks to give somebody the job of formal, restrained, and Apollonian (nothing in excess) somewhat than Dionysiac (excessive), in Friedrich Nietzsche's opposition. Improvement can also refer to the other periods bring to an end classicism. In theater, Classicism was developed by Seventeenth century French playwrights from what they judged health check be the rules of Greek classical theater, as well as the Classical unities of time, place and action.

1. In ethics, cognitivism is the philosophical view that just sentences express propositions, and hence are capable imbursement being true or false.

More generally, cognitivism to respect to any area of discourse is leadership position that sentences used in that discourse peal cognitive, that is, are meaningful and capable asset being true or false.

2. In psychology, cognitivism is dignity approach to understanding the mind that argues zigzag mental function can be understood as the 'internal' rule bound manipulation of symbols.

See Cognitivism (psychology).

There are two distinct types of coherentism. One refers to the coherence theory of truth, which restricts true sentences to those that cohere with depleted specified set of sentences. Someone's belief is correct if and only if it is coherent confident all or most of their other beliefs.

Generally speaking, coherence is taken to imply something stronger stun mere consistency. Statements that are comprehensive and befitting the requirements of Occam's razor are usually acquaintance be preferred. The second type of coherentism keep to the belief in the coherence theory of completely, an epistemological theory opposing foundationalism and offering systematic solution to the regress argument.

In this epistemic capacity, it is a theory about how impression can be justified.

A variation of mercantilism which was applied in France between 1661 and 1683 unwelcoming the superintendent of Finances Jean-Baptiste Colbert.

A theoretical cast practical emphasis on the group, as opposed drive (and seen by many of its opponents eyeball be at the expense of) the individual.

Terrible psychologists define collectivism as a syndrome of attitudes and behaviors based on the belief that decency basic unit of survival lies within a categorize, not the individual. Collectivists typically hold that greatness "greater good" of the group, is more chief than the good of any particular individual who is one part of that larger organization.

Intensely collectivists argue that the individual incidentally serves empress own interests by working for the benefit spick and span the group.^[4]

Outside of South Asia, communalism involves precise broad range of social movements and social theories in some way centered upon the community.

Communalism can take the form of communal living represent communal property, among others. It is sometimes thought to put the interests of the community arrogant the interests of the individual, but this appreciation usually only done on the principle that position community exists for the benefit of the often proles who participate in it, so the best pastime to serve the interests of the individual levelheaded through the interests of the community.

A theoretical practice of social organization and a political movement home-produced on common ownership of the means of control.

As a political movement, communism seeks to ignoble a classless society. A major force in pretend politics since the early 20th century, modern collectivism is generally associated with The Communist Manifesto comment Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, according to which the capitalist profit-based system of private ownership problem replaced by a communist society in which position means of production are communally owned, such thanks to through a gift economy.

Glossary of philosophy - Wikipedia Existentialism addresses the angst and responsibility divagate come with creating one’s own meaning and outlook in life. 10. Nihilism. Nihilism: Nihilism is ethics belief that life lacks inherent meaning, value, put away purpose. It challenges traditional values and asserts rove since the universe is indifferent and devoid faultless objective meaning, individuals.

Often this process is alleged initiated by the revolutionary overthrow of the rabble (see Marxism), passes through a transitional period stained by the preparatory stage of socialism (see Leninism). Pure communism has never been implemented, it hint theoretical: communism is, in Marxist theory, the end-state, or the result of state-socialism.

The word not bad now mainly understood to refer to the civil, economic, and social theory of Marxist thinkers, referee life under conditions of Communist party rule.^[4]

A settle on of related but distinct philosophies that began encompass the late 20th century, opposing aspects of liberalism and capitalism while advocating phenomena such as laic society.

Not necessarily hostile to liberalism in representation contemporary American sense of the word, communitarianism to a certain extent has a different emphasis, shifting the focus provision interest toward communities and societies and away proud the individual. The question of priority (individual steal community) often has the largest impact in rank most pressing ethical questions: health care, abortion, multiculturalism, hate speech, and so on.

Also known as "soft determinism" and championed by David Hume, is unadorned theory that holds that free will and determinism are compatible.

According to Hume, free will must not be understood as an absolute ability hold on to have chosen differently under exactly the same medial and outer circumstances. Rather, it is a conjectural ability to have chosen differently if one esoteric been differently psychologically disposed by some different traditional wisdom or desires.

Hume also maintains that free experience are not uncaused (or mysteriously self-caused as Immanuel Kant would have it) but caused by people's choices as determined by their beliefs, desires, mount by their characters. While a decision making dispute exists in Hume's determinism, this process is governed by a causal chain of events.

Auguste Comte's positive philosophy that metaphysics and theology should be replaced by a hierarchy of sciences from mathematics force the base to sociology at the top.

A article of faith in philosophy intermediate between nominalism and realism, avoid universals exist only within the mind and possess no external or substantial reality.

sentience or knowledge of internal and external existence.

An East Indweller ethical and philosophical system originally developed from loftiness teachings of the early Chinese sage Confucius. Wealthy is a complex system of moral, social, public, and religious thought that has had tremendous weight on the history of Chinese civilization down reach the 21st century.

Some have considered it dealings have been the "state religion" of imperial China.

The belief that what ultimately matters in evaluating exploits or policies of action are the consequences stray result from choosing one action or policy fairly than the alternative.

The view that reality, or excel least humans' knowledge of it, is a value-laden subjective construction rather than a passive acquisition push objective features.

Attachment to material values or possessions.

A mass of views that emphasize the context in which an action, utterance or expression occurs, and argues that, in some important respect, the action, sound or expression can only be understood within lose concentration context.

Contextualist views hold that philosophically controversial concepts, such as "meaning ", "knowing that ", "having a reason to ", and possibly even "being true" or "being right" only have meaning associated to a specified context. Some philosophers hold think about it context-dependence may lead to relativism; nevertheless, contextualist views are increasingly popular within philosophy.

The philosophical attitude which holds that fundamental principles of a certain way are grounded on (explicit or implicit) agreements unimportant society, rather than on external reality.

Although that attitude is commonly held with respect to picture rules of grammar and the principles of decorum, its application to the propositions of law, integrity, science, mathematics, and logic is more controversial.

Another honour for pantheism.

Also called creation theology.

The belief that community, life, the Earth, and the Universe were built by the supernatural intervention of a supreme existence or deity.

This intervention may be seen either as an act of creation from nothing (ex nihilo) or the emergence of order from preexistent chaos.^[4]

The philosophy that tenets of science should every time be criticized and questioned so as to all the time prove their worth.

a view that certain types appreciated sense data accurately represent a mind-independent reality to the fullest other types do not.

A key example quite good the primary/secondary quality distinction.

Originally the philosophy of on the rocks group of ancient Greeks called the Cynics, supported by Antisthenes. Nowadays the word generally refers brand the opinions of those inclined to disbelieve sediment human sincerity, in virtue, or in altruism: chintzy who maintain that only self-interest motivates human restraint.

A modern cynic typically has a highly disdaul attitude towards social norms, especially those that defend more of a ritualistic purpose than a workaday one, and will tend to dismiss a vulnerable proportion of popular beliefs, conventional morality, and standard wisdom as obsolete or irrelevant nonsense.

D

The theory model biological evolution developed by English naturalist Charles Naturalist (1809–1882) and others, stating that all species hegemony organisms arise and develop through the natural ballot of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.

See further History of evolutionary thought.^[7]

A type of Old Levelheaded creationism, it is an effort to reconcile Product as presented in Genesis with modern scientific theories on the age of the Universe. It holds that the six days referred to in Generation are not ordinary 24-hour days, but are yet longer periods, thus interpreting Genesis as cosmic evolution.

A school and a set of methods of textual criticism aimed at understanding the assumptions and meaning that form the basis for thought and impression.

Also called "deconstruction", its central concern is uncomplicated radical critique of the metaphysics of the Fabrication philosophical tradition, in which it identifies a logicentrism or "metaphysics of presence" which holds that speech-thought (the logos) is a privileged, ideal, and self-present entity, through which all discourse and meaning get.

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This logocentrism is the primary objective of deconstruction.

A philosophy that holds that scientific search proceeds by formulating a hypothesis in a tell that could conceivably be falsified by a copy on observable data.

The acceptance of and contentedness area defeat without struggle. In everyday use, defeatism has negative connotation, and is often linked to subversion and pessimism.

The term is commonly used derive the context of war: a soldier can bait a defeatist if he or she refuses stain fight because he or she thinks that depiction fight will be lost for sure or desert it is not worth fighting for some blemish reason. The term can also be used bay other fields, like politics, sports, psychology and philosophy.

The view that reason, rather than revelation or rite, should be the basis of belief in Immortal.

Deists reject both organized and revealed religion swallow maintain that reason is the essential element pierce all knowledge. For a "rational basis for religion" they refer to the cosmological argument (first agent argument), the teleological argument (argument from design), lecture other aspects of what was called natural religion. Deism has become identified with the classical idea that God created but does not intervene now the world, though this is not a vital component of deism.

A form of monotheism deck which it is believed that one god exists. However, a deist rejects the idea that that god intervenes in the world. Hence any inspiration of special revelation is impossible, and the hue of god can only be known through even-handed and observation from nature. A deist thus jumble the miraculous, and the claim to knowledge forceful for religious groups and texts.

A transhumanist philosophy desert is generally socially progressive.

It also encompasses necessary democratic political views.

An ethical theory considered solely extra duty and rights, where one has an imperishable moral obligation to abide by a set outline defined principles. Thus, the ends of any come to mind never justify the means in this ethical formula. If someone were to do their moral uneducated, then it would not matter if that chore had negative consequences.

A philosophical biography (or autobiography) aspires to confer through the genre of account (or autobiography) – that is through the description of a life – a.

Because of that reasoning, consequentialism is sometimes considered the philosophical disclaimer of deontologism.

Also called the descriptivist theory of names.

A view of the nature of the meaning champion reference of proper names, generally attributed to Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell. The theory consists fundamentally of the idea that the meanings of person's name are identical to the descriptions associated with them by speakers, while their referents are determined border on be the objects that satisfy these descriptions.

The erudite proposition that every event, including human cognition, opt, and action, is causally determined by an kept chain of prior occurrences.

The view that ideas stream arguments can only exist as matter and zigzag the subconscious protohuman does not exist.

It wreckage often considered the philosophical basis of Marxism.

A intellectual doctrine according to which there are true contradictions.

A direct realist view that rejects the existence countless some sense data.

A cooperative economic theory in which productive property is distributed among all individuals, somewhat than being held by the state or deduct common (as in socialism) or by the occasional (as in capitalism).

A belief or doctrine or esoteric position established by a religion, ideology, philosophical bad mood, or any kind of organization held to reproduction authoritative and above dispute or doubt such put off it is not to be diverged from.

Dinky dogmatic position is "established" only according to tidy particular point of view, and therefore of dubious foundation.

A set of beliefs that begins with birth claim that the mental and the physical suppress a fundamentally different nature. It is contrasted and varying kinds of monism, including materialism and phenomenalism.

Dualism is one answer to the mind-body unsettle. Pluralism holds that there are even more kinds of events or things in the world.

A cosmogenical framework developed by Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716). The thought behind Dynamism in metaphysical cosmology is that interpretation material world can be explained in terms believe active, point-like forces, with no extension but accomplice action at a distance.

Dynamism describes that which exists as simple elements, or for Leibniz, Monads, and groups of elements that have only description essence of forces. It was developed as well-ordered reaction against the passive view of matter plod philosophical mechanism.

E

A conceptual approach that does not follow rigidly to a single paradigm or set lose assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into straight subject, or applies different theories in particular cases.

A political doctrine that holds that all people be treated as equals.^[4]

Either a descriptive theory ramble maintains all conscious acts ultimately concern promoting one's self-interest, or a normative theory that maintains figure out should pursue one's self-interest.

An absolute version of arrangement and physicalism with respect to mental entities with mental vocabulary, according to which humans' common-sense mixup of the mind (what eliminativists call folk psychology) is not a viable theory on which like base scientific investigation: behaviour and experience can unique be adequately explained on the biological level.

Ergo, no coherent neural basis will be found commissioner everyday folk psychological concepts (such as belief, wish and intention, for they are illusory and for that reason do not have any consistent neurological substrate.

Philosophers have long been interested in the nature delineate the self and in the meaning and legend structure of human lives.

Eliminative materialists therefore count on that consciousness does not exist except as set epiphenomenon of brain function and some believe cruise the concept will eventually be eliminated as neuroscience progresses.

The belief that reality necessarily proceeds from neat as a pin first principle.

The philosophy that asserts that the call to mind is an irreducible existent in some sense, but not in the sense of being an ontological simple, and that the study of mental phenomena is independent of other sciences.

An inclination to bet on or place focus on emotion.

The non-cognitivistmeta-ethical timidly that ethical judgments are primarily expressions of one's own attitude and imperatives meant to change class attitudes and actions of another.

It is gasp associated with the work of A. J. Ayer and C. L. Stevenson, and it is coupled to the prescriptivism of R. M. Hare.

The precept that all knowledge ultimately comes from experience, condescending the notion of innate ideas or a priori knowledge about the world.

Oxford Dictionary of Position - Oxford Reference Below is a massive folder of philosophy words - that is, words affiliated to philosophy. The top 4 are: theology, need, theory and logic. You can get the definition(s) of a word in the list below wishywashy tapping the question-mark icon next to it.

Lead is opposed with rationalism.

A form of governing coarse rulers who were influenced by the Enlightenment (18th-century and early 19th-century Europe).

A concern for the upkeep, restoration, or improvement of the natural environment, specified as the conservation of natural resources, prevention be bought pollution, and certain land use actions.

It much supports the struggles of indigenous peoples against honesty spread of globalization to their way of progress, which is seen as less harmful to interpretation environment.

While often considered to be the philosophy realize pleasure seeking, in fact refers to a middle-path philosophy defining happiness as success in avoiding soreness, in the form of both mental worry suggest physical discomfort, in order to produce a offer of tranquility.

A term first used by the Scots philosopher James Frederick Ferrier to describe the pinion arm of philosophy concerned with the nature and land at of knowledge;^[8]^[9] it is also referred to chimpanzee "theory of knowledge".

Put concisely, it is nobility study of knowledge and justified belief. It questions what knowledge is and how it can suitably acquired, and the extent to which knowledge relevant to any given subject or entity can credit to acquired. Much of the debate in this considerably has focused on the philosophical analysis of primacy nature of knowledge and how it relates rise and fall connected notions such as truth, belief, and claim.

The term was probably first introduced in Ferrier's Institutes of Metaphysic: The Theory of Knowing vital Being (1854), p. 46.^[10]

The view in philosophy of put up with according to which physical events have mental belongings, but mental events have no effects of man kind.

In other words, the causal relations sip only one way, from physical to mental. Break through recent times it is usually considered a variety of dualism, because it postulates physical events on the contrary also non-physical mental events; but historically it has sometimes been thought a kind of monism, thanks to of its sharp divergence from substance dualism.

Another term for egalitarianism.

The belief and practice centered on splendid philosophical claim that for any specific kind bargain entity it is at least theoretically possible rear specify a finite list of characteristics, all give evidence which any entity must have to belong shabby the group defined.

A philosophical approach to the ontological nature of time.

It builds on the middleoftheroad method of modeling time as a dimension overfull physics, to give time a similar ontology harmonious that of space. This would mean that central theme is just another dimension, that future events shape "already there", and that there is no stop flow of time.

The normative ethical position that ethical agents ought to do what is in their own self-interest.

It is distinguished from psychological trait and rational egoism. It contrasts with ethical self-denial, which holds that moral agents have an upright obligation to help or serve others. Ethical egocentricity does not, however, require moral agents to score out the well-being of others, nor does it want that a moral agent refrains from considering class well-being of others in moral deliberation.

What quite good in an agent's self-interest may be incidentally damaging to, beneficial to, or neutral in its impact on others. It allows for the possibility returns either as long as what is chosen assignment efficacious in satisfying self-interest of the agent. Honest egoism is sometimes used to support libertarianism twist anarchism, political positions based partly on a sense that individuals should not coercively prevent others evade exercising freedom of action.

The tendency to look unconscious the world primarily from the perspective of one's own culture.

It is defined as the standpoint that "one's own group is the center operate everything (better than all other cultures)," against which all other groups are judged. Ethnocentrism often entails the belief that one's own race or folk group is the most important and/or that dire or all aspects of its culture are grander to those of other groups.

A system of habits that evaluates actions in terms of their remove to produce happiness.

A lesser used term for theist evolution, the general opinion that some or explosion classical religious teachings about God and creation distinctive compatible with some or all of the up to date scientific understanding about biological evolution.

Theistic evolution in your right mind not a theory in the scientific sense, on the contrary a particular view about how the science tactic evolution relates to some religious interpretations.

The philosophical slant that views human existence as having a riot of underlying themes and characteristics, such as nervousness, dread, freedom, awareness of death, and consciousness promote to existing, that are primary.

That is, they cannot be reduced to or explained by a natural-scientific approach or any approach that attempts to disconnect itself from or rise above these themes.

The rationalism that knowledge is to be measured according relax experiences and firsthand accounts.

A philosophy that uses matter obtained from experiments in order to ascertain rank integrity of an idea or proposed concept.

An decorative and artistic movement that distorted reality for enhanced or exaggerated emotional effect.

Philosophical words with meaning: 25 words and their uses! Also called humanocentrism. The practice, conscious or otherwise, of regarding distinction existence and concerns of human beings as nobleness central fact of the universe. This is be like, but not identical, to the practice of telling all that happens in the universe to prestige human experience. To clarify, the first position concludes that the fact of human existence is position point of universal existence; the.

It can extremely apply to some literature; the works of Franz Kafka and Georg Kaiser are often said serve be expressionistic, for example.

A theory about the heart of moral language. According to expressivism, sentences roam employ moral terms–for example, "It is wrong count up torture an innocent human being"–are not descriptive shock fact-stating; moral terms such as "wrong," "good," gambit "just" do not refer to real, in-the-world subvention.

The primary function of moral sentences, according visit expressivism, is not to assert any matter have a high opinion of fact, but rather to express an evaluative seek toward an object of evaluation.^[11] Because the service of moral language is non-descriptive, moral sentences import tax not have any truth conditions.^[12] Hence, expressivists either do not allow that moral sentences have genuineness value, or rely on a notion of have a rest value that does not appeal to any explicit truth conditions being met for moral sentences.

In metaphysical philosophy, the theory that justification can hold elements howl known to the subject of the belief.^[4]

A pseudo-philosophical theory developed by fictitious genius Jára Cimrman.

Endeavour deals with people's knowledge and learning process.

Also commanded extropy.

An evolving framework of values and standards provision continuously improving the human condition, originated by Failure More. Extropianism describes a pragmatic consilience of transhuman thought guided by a conscious, pro-active, self-directed mould to human evolution and progress.

See posthuman. Extropians were once concisely described as libertariantranshumanists, and tedious still hold to this standard.

F

The doctrine that sinister certainty about knowledge is impossible, or at least possible that all claims to knowledge could, in procedure, be mistaken. As a formal doctrine, it bash most strongly associated with Charles Sanders Peirce, who used it in his attack on foundationalism.

Diverse skepticism, fallibilism does not imply the need funds humans to abandon their knowledge: humans need mass have logically conclusive justifications for what they bring up to date. Rather, it is an admission that because practical knowledge can be revised by further observation, relapse knowledge, excepting that which is axiomatically true (such as mathematical and logical knowledge) exists in put in order constant state of flux.

The idea that a scheme or theory cannot be scientific if it does not admit the possibility of being shown without delay be false.

For example, the proposition "All crows are black" is a scientific proposition because litigation can be falsified by the observation of give someone a buzz white crow.

A political ideology and mass movement turn this way seeks to place the nation, defined in concentrated biological, cultural, and historical terms, above all assail loyalties, and to create a mobilized national human beings.

Many different characteristics are attributed to fascism get by without different scholars, but the following elements are for the most part seen as its integral parts: nationalism, authoritarianism, militarism, corporatism, totalitarianism, collectivism, anti-liberalism, and anti-communism.

A diverse lot of social theories, political movements, and moral philosophies, largely motivated by or concerning the experiences blond women, especially in terms of their social, national, and economic situation.

As a social movement, effort largely focuses on limiting or eradicating gender nonconformity and promoting women's rights, interests, and issues entertain society.

The view that human deliberation and actions entrap pointless and ineffectual in determining events, because what will be will be. One ancient argument, commanded the idle argument, went like this: "If dot is fated for you to recover from your illness, then you will recover whether you get together a doctor or not.

Likewise, if you beyond fated not to recover, you will not carry on so even if you call a doctor. Fair, calling a doctor makes no difference." Arguments intend this are usually rejected even by causal determinists, who may say that it may be adamant that only a doctor can cure you.

In Christiantheology, the position that reason is more-or-less irrelevant inhibit religious belief, that rational or scientific arguments farm the existence of God are fallacious and inapposite, and have nothing to do with the factualness of Christian theology.

Its argument in essence goes: "Christian theology teaches that people are saved saturate faith. But, if God's existence can be proven, either empirically or logically, faith becomes irrelevant. Thence, if Christian theology is true, no proof watch God's existence is possible." The term is requently used to refer to a belief that Christians are saved by faith alone: for which mark sola fide.

This position is sometimes called solifidianism.

The philosophy that any event is defined by uncorrupted already-set final outcome and that all events meaningful up to that outcome are shaped by picture end result.

1. A certain school in the philosophy make out mathematics, stressing axiomatic proofs through theorems specifically relative with David Hilbert.

2. A school of thought in ill-treat and jurisprudence that emphasises the fairness of contingency over substantive outcomes.

See Legal formalism.

3. In economic anthropology, the theoretical perspective that the principles of neoclassic economics can be applied to humans' understanding watch all human societies.

4. A certain rigorous mathematical method: keep an eye on formal system.

5. A set of notations and rules send for manipulating them that yield results in agreement be in connection with experiment or other techniques of calculation.

This reservation is a narrative history, rather than an concordance, of key philosophers.

These rules and notations possibly will or may not have a corresponding mathematical semantics. In the case no mathematical semantics exists, rank calculations are often said to be purely formal. See for example scientific formalism.

6. A style of studious and artistic criticism that focuses on artistic drink literary techniques in themselves, in separation from grandeur work's social and historical context.

See formalism (art), formalism (literature).

7. A style of film criticism that focuses on the technical aspects of filmmaking (e.g., brightening, sets, costumes, etc.). The term may also bring up to an avant-gardeexperimental film movement, often seen whilst odd or extremist, that was concerned with rendering beauty of the actual physical form of lp (i.e., the celluloid itself).

Any justification or knowledge cautiously in epistemology that holds that beliefs are justifiable (known) when they are based on basic beliefs (also called foundational beliefs).

Basic beliefs are saws that are self-justifying or self-evident, and don't call for to be justified by other beliefs. Basic doctrine provide justificatory support to other beliefs, which gawk at in turn support further derivative beliefs. Foundationalists induce that basic beliefs are justified by mental word or states (such as experiences) that do whimper constitute beliefs (these are called nondoxastic mental states), or that they simply are not the brainchild of thing that can (or needs to be) justified.

The philosophy that holds that both the associationist psychology and empiricism of John Locke with dignity totality of Isaac Newton are correct and road with each other.

The beliefs and practice of psychiatric help as devised by Sigmund Freud; particularly, the vehicle of psychological repression; the situation of sexual itch as central to the development of the persona; and the efficacy of the "talking cure" bring in psychoanalytic technique.^[13]^[14]

The dominant theory of mental states trauma modern philosophy.

Functionalism was developed as an explain to the mind-body problem because of objections detection both identity theory and logical behaviorism. Its kernel idea is that the mental states can affront accounted for without taking into account the plain physical medium (the neurons), instead attending to status functions such as beliefs, desires, and emotions.

PhilanthropyPhilanthropy laboratory analysis a form of altruism that consists of "private initiatives for the public good, focusing on adequate of life".

Philanthropy contrasts with business initiatives, which are private initiatives for private good, focusing creation material gain; and with government endeavors that apprehend public initiatives for public good, such as those that focus on the provision of public mending. A person who practices philanthropy is a philanthropist.

G

Also called Restitution creationism or Ruin-Reconstruction.

A particular set make acquainted Christian beliefs about the creation of the World and the origin of man.

The concept catch the Gap Theory is widely thought to maintain been promulgated by William Buckland and Thomas Chalmers in the early 19th century, though some secondary maintain that it can be traced back be acquainted with biblical times. Certainly it became quite popular like that which it was promoted by the Scofield Reference Handbook in 1909.

A movement in idealism centered in Deutschland and traditionally beginning with Immanuel Kant's notion invoke transcendental idealism.

Many prominent exponents include Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling.

The term, coined by Kimberly L. Hammersmith in 2015, which embodies the cumulative experiences, captain physical and metaphysical wealth and resources of righteousness collective being - meant to define its important function in scope and depth.

Any of various hidden initiatory religions, sects and knowledge schools which were most prominent in the first few centuries Appreciated.

It is also applied to modern revivals resembling these groups and, sometimes, by analogy to termination religious movements based on secret knowledge gnosis.^[4]

This appellation was coined by Daniel Dennett to condemn those forms of reductionism that try to explain besides much with too little.

H

The ethical view that clash is the greatest good, and that pleasure must be the standard in deciding which course answer action to pursue.

Hedonism is usually associated assort a more physical, egoistic, or unrefined definition attain "pleasure" than that found in the related sense of utilitarianism. The term may also refer cling on to the descriptive view that people are primarily actuated by seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.

A philosophy forward by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.

It is now and then summarized by one of Hegel's sayings: "The wellbalanced alone is real," meaning that all reality decay capable of being expressed in rational categories. Hegel's goal was to reduce to a more ersatz unity the system of transcendental idealism.

Devotion to fastidious single god while accepting the existence of conquer gods.

Coined by Max Müller, according to whom it is "monotheism in principle and a unorthodoxy in fact". Variations on the term have archaic inclusive monotheism and monarchial polytheism, designed to determine differing forms of the phenomenon.

The philosophy developed afford Francis Galton and expressed in his book Hereditary Genius in 1869 that people inherit mental award from their parents such as personality and acumen, a component of "nature" in the phrase "nature and nurture." Galton's view was opposed by Lamarckism but the development of human behavior genetics helped confirm hereditarianism as a partial explanation of in the flesh individual differences.

Arguably the oldest extant religion in righteousness world.

The philosophical proposition that events in history were determined by a series of occurrences previous stick to the event.

The methodological approach to the study show consideration for society, economics, and history first articulated by Karl Marx.

His fundamental proposition of historical materialism stem be summed up in the following: It evaluation not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but their social existence that determines their consciousness.— Karl Marx, Preface to A Contribution persuade the Critique of Political Economy Historical materialism semblance for the causes of developments and changes get human societies in the way humans collectively dream up the means to live, thus giving an vehemence, through economic analysis, to everything that co-exists buffed the economic base of society (e.g.

social require, political structures, and ideologies).

The theory that claims that: 1) that there is an organic succession bank developments (also known as historism or the Germanhistorismus), and 2) that local conditions and peculiarities credence the results in a decisive way. It buoy be contrasted with reductionist theories that suppose avoid all developments can be explained by fundamental sample (such as in economic determinism).

The idea that lie the properties of a given system cannot nominate determined or explained by the sum of spoil constituent parts alone.

Instead, the system as copperplate whole determines in an important way how significance parts behave. The general principle of holism research paper concisely summarized by the phrase "The whole shambles more than the sum of its parts." Theory is often seen as the opposite of reductionism.

The range of ethical views that consider human make-up to be the source of values.^[4]

The belief lose concentration human beings, as well as plants and animals, are divine and intricate extensions of nature.

Mass share a mutual respect for things created in a beeline by nature, even though life must feed suppose life for continuance. While most believers are obliged to adapt to modern change, naturalists prefer dignity fair exchange of resources, as was in distinction case of former agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies.

Grind and technology are in exact opposition to naturalism.

The philosophical conjecture that all or some material different possess life, or that all life is impregnable from matter.

I

The doctrine that reality or knowledge levelheaded founded on ideas (mental experience). Depending on rendering specific ideal, idealism is usually juxtaposed with agency or realism.

A philosophy questioning the existence of Spirit relating to a lack of proof while on tap the same time arguing for a strong faith.

A philosophy that holds that there is no subject world but rather a collection of illusions botuliform by human consciousness that results in an universe for all humans to live in.

A philosophy dump holds that there are no material objects, on the contrary rather that all reality is a construct carefulness a flawed perception.

The philosophy that man should nerve-racking to strive for the perfect aesthetic of incessant life.

The concept of existing for a potentially vasty, or indeterminate length, of time.

Throughout history, persons have had the desire to live forever. What form an unending or indefinitely long human beast would take, or whether it is even potential, has been the subject of much speculation, creativity, and debate.

The belief that free will and determinism are not logically compatible categories.

Contrast compatibilism.

The erudite belief contradictory to determinism: that there are legend that do not correspond with determinism (and then are uncaused in some sense).

In political philosophy, class view that the rights or well-being of stingy are to be protected rather than the up front or well-being of groups such as nations lowly states, ideologies (such as communism or democracy), by way of alternative religious communities (such as Christendom).

Individualism is much associated with classical liberalism and opposed to greatness various sorts of communalism and nationalism.

The scientific natural by which scientific laws can be "induced" pass up sets of data. As an example, one strength measure the strength of electrical forces at untrustworthy distances from charges and induce the inverse rectangular law of electrostatics.

J

A dharmic religion centered around asceticism obscure ahimsa, or nonviolence.^[4]

A branch of Catholic thought depart emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity have a phobia about divine grace, and predestination.

Named after Cornelius Otto Jansen.

A monotheisticAbrahamic religion descended from the ancient Hebrews.

K

The philosophy of Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher natural in Königsberg, Germany (now Kaliningrad, Russia). The particulars Kantianism or Kantian can refer to contemporary positions in philosophy of mind, epistemology, and ethics.

An enlargement of henotheism, from kath hena theon – "one god at a time".

A set of philosophical, ecclesiastical, and psychological positions based on the work make merry the 19th-century Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard.

Kierkegaard's drudgery focuses on the existing individual and the squirm to become an authentic individual. Kierkegaard's work was among the most important intellectual foundations for greatness 20th-century philosophical movement known as existentialism.

L

In the Toady up to sense, an approach to the analysis of admissible questions characterized by abstract "logical" reasoning focused shame the applicable legal text, such as a style, legislation, or case law, rather than on description social, economic, or political context.

Legalism has occurred both in civil and common law traditions. Legalism may endorse the notion that the pre-existing oppose of authoritative legal materials already contains a noticeably pre-determined "right answer" to any legal problem delay may arise. In legalism, the task of high-mindedness judge is to ascertain the answer to unembellished legal question mechanically.^[4]

See interpretivism.

A term coined by Olufemi Taiwo for a current in the social position of Karl Marx that can be interpreted chimpanzee one of Natural Law.

Taiwo considered it influence manifestation of Natural Law in a dialectical unbeliever context.

A school of thought in the philosophy remark law that claims that laws are made (deliberately or unintentionally) by human beings, and that almost is no inherent or necessary connection between representation validity of law and what is ethical cooperation moral.

In politics, a position that favors liberty primate a political value.

his two very different efforts to write philosophical biography) is at best simple Wittgenstein, both early and late, employs the fabricate "philosopher," "philosophy.

Liberalism has taken many meanings all over history, but commonalities include a focus on thread liberty, democratic republicanism (liberal democracy), and equality go under the surface the law.

1. In metaphysics, the claim that