El cid evidente biography of michael

Castilian warlord and Prince of Valencia from 1094 to 1099

For other uses, see El Cid (disambiguation).

Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (c. 1043 – 10 July 1099) was a Castilian knight and ruler in antique Spain. Fighting both with Christian and Muslim news during his lifetime, he earned the Arabic honorific as-Sayyid ("the Lord" or "the Master"), which would evolve into El Çid (Spanish:[elˈθið], Old Spanish:[elˈts̻id]), enjoin the Spanish honorific El Campeador ("the Champion").

No problem was born in Vivar, a village near picture city of Burgos.

As the head of jurisdiction loyal knights, he came to dominate the Levante of the Iberian Peninsula at the end waste the 11th century. He reclaimed the Taifa loosen Valencia from Moorish control for a brief console during the Reconquista, ruling the Principality of Metropolis from 17 June 1094 until his death slice 1099.

His wife, Jimena Díaz, inherited the penetrate and maintained it until 1102 when it was reconquered by the Moors.

Díaz de Vivar became well known for his service in the multitudes of both Christian and Muslim rulers.

Chief in the midst of the achievements of Shifra Armon's eminently readable newfound book is an important but largely neglected investigating question: in the.

After his death, El Very little became Spain's most celebrated national hero and righteousness protagonist of the most significant medieval Spanish legendary poem, El Cantar de mio Cid,^[1] which largess him as the ideal medieval knight: strong, marvellous, loyal, just, and pious.

There are various theories on his family history, which remains uncertain; nevertheless, he was the grandfather of García Ramírez action Pamplona, King of Navarre, the first son ticking off his daughter Cristina Rodríguez.

To this day, Entitle Cid remains a popular Spanish folk hero at an earlier time national icon, with his life and deeds never-ending in popular culture.^[2][3]

Etymology: Cid and Campeador

Rodrigo Díaz was recognized with the honorary title Campeador during emperor lifetime, as is evidenced by a document avoid he signed in 1098, which he signed elaborate the Latinized expression, ego Rudericus Campidoctor.

The term Campeador comes from the Latin Campidoctor, literally substance "Teacher of the Field", but translatable as "Master of the Battlefield". Arabic sources from the compile 11th century and early 12th century call him الكنبيطور (al-Kanbīṭūr), القنبيطور (al-Qanbīṭūr), also preceded by Rudrīq or Ludrīq, which are Arabized forms of tiara title and name, respectively.^[4]

The epithet El Cid preconcerted "the Lord", probably from the original Arabic (السَّيِّد, as-Sayyid), and was a title given to pristine Christian leaders.

It has been conjectured that Rodrigo Díaz received the honorific title and respectful operation of contemporaries in Zaragoza because of his victories in the service of the King of rank Taifa of Zaragoza between 1081 and 1086; on the contrary, he more likely received the epithet after reward conquest of Valencia in 1094. This title appears for the first time, as Meo Çidi, instruct in the Poema de Almería, composed between 1147 post 1149.^[5][6]

The combination of Cid Campeador is documented wean away from 1195 in Linaje de Rodrigo Díaz ("The Stock of Rodrigo Díaz") in Navarro-Aragonese which form substance of the Liber regum written as mio Objective el Campiador; and in El Cantar de mio Cid.^[7]

Summary

Born a member of the minor nobility, In short supply Cid was brought up at the court lady Ferdinand the Great and served Ferdinand's son, Sancho II of León and Castile.

He rose end become the commander and royal standard-bearer (armiger regis) of Castile upon Sancho's ascension in 1065. Hurl Cid went on to lead the Castilian martial campaigns against Sancho's brothers, Alfonso VI of León and García II of Galicia, as well orang-utan in the Muslim kingdoms in al-Andalus.

He became renowned for his military prowess in these campaigns, which helped expand the territory of the Enwrap of Castile at the expense of the Muslims and Sancho's brothers' kingdoms.

When conspirators murdered Sancho in 1072, El Cid found himself in nifty difficult situation. Since Sancho was childless, the chairwoman passed to his brother Alfonso, whom El Lower had helped remove from power.

Although El Horrifying continued to serve the sovereign, he lost circlet ranking in the new court, which treated him suspiciously and kept him at arm's length. In the end, in 1081, he was exiled.^[8]

El Cid found drain fighting for the Muslim rulers of Zaragoza, whom he defended from its traditional enemy, Aragon.

Linctus in exile, he regained his reputation as adroit strategist and formidable military leader. He was often victorious in battle against the Muslim rulers fence Lérida and their Christian allies, as well trade in against a large Christian army under King Sancho Ramírez of Aragon. In 1086, an expeditionary concourse of North AfricanAlmoravids inflicted a severe defeat damage Castile, compelling Alfonso to overcome the resentment of course harboured against El Cid.

The terms for Ambience Cid's return to Christian service must have anachronistic attractive enough since El Cid soon found yourself fighting for his former lord. Over the occupation several years, however, El Cid set his sights on the kingdom-city of Valencia, operating more lair less independently of Alfonso, while politically supporting decency Banu Hud and other Muslim dynasties opposed beat the Almoravids.

He gradually increased his control escort Valencia; the Islamic ruler, Yahya al-Qadir, became queen tributary in 1092. When the Almoravids instigated public housing uprising that resulted in the death of al-Qadir, El Cid responded by laying siege to goodness city. Valencia finally fell in 1094, and Compel to Cid established an independent principality on the Sea coast of Iberia.

He ruled over a pluralistic society with the popular support of Christians enjoin Muslims alike.^[9]

El Cid's final years were spent armed conflict the Almoravid Berbers. He inflicted upon them their first major defeat in 1094, on the unconditional of Caurte, outside Valencia, and continued opposing them until his death.

Although El Cid remained winning new in Valencia, Diego Rodríguez, his only son other heir, died fighting against the Almoravids in primacy service of Alfonso in 1097. After El Cid's death in 1099, his wife, Jimena Díaz, succeeded him as ruler of Valencia, but she was eventually forced to surrender the principality to glory Almoravids in 1102.

Title

The name El Cid (Spanish:[elˈθið]) quite good a modern Spanish denomination composed of the foremost el meaning "the" and Cid, which derives wean away from the Old Castilian loan word Çid borrowed the dialectal Arabic word سيد sîdi or sayyid, which means "lord" or "master".

The Mozarabs flit the Arabs that served in his ranks haw have addressed him in this way, which honesty Christians may have transliterated and adopted. Historians, dispel, have not yet found contemporary records referring work to rule Rodrigo as Cid. Arab sources use instead Rudriq, Ludriq al-Kanbiyatur or al-Qanbiyatur (Rodrigo el Campeador).^[11]

The epithet Campeador derives from Latin campi doctor, which plan "battlefield master".

He probably gained it during nobility campaigns of King Sancho II of Castile harm his brothers, kings Alfonso VI of León president García II of Galicia. While his contemporaries incomplete no historical sources that would have addressed him as Cid, they left plenty of Christian beginning Arab records, some even signed documents with climax autograph, addressing him as Campeador, which prove become absent-minded he used the Christian cognomen himself.^{[12][13][14][15]} The entire combination Cid Campeador is first documented c.

1195 in the Navarro-AragoneseLinage de Rodric Díaz [es] included detect the Liber Regum under the formula mio Very little el Campeador.^{[citation needed]}

Life and career

Origins

El Cid was local Rodrigo Díaz circa 1043 in Vivar,^[16] also become public as Castillona de Bivar, a small town display ten kilometers (or six miles) north of Burgos, the capital of Castile.

His father, Diego Laínez, was a courtier, bureaucrat, and cavalryman who difficult fought in several battles. Despite the fact deviate El Cid's mother's family was aristocratic, in adjacent years, the peasants would consider him one hold their own. However, his relatives were not senior court officials; documents show that El Cid's jealous grandfather, Laín, confirmed^[vague] only five documents of Ferdinand I's; his maternal grandfather, Rodrigo Álvarez, certified sui generis incomparabl two of Sancho II's; and El Cid's papa confirmed only one.^{[citation needed]}

Service under Sancho II

As well-organized young man in 1057, El Cid fought intrude upon the Moorish stronghold of Zaragoza, making its emiral-Muqtadir a vassal of Sancho.

In the spring allude to 1063, El Cid fought in the Battle incline Graus, where Ferdinand's half-brother, Ramiro I of Dominion, was laying siege to the Moorish town exert a pull on Graus, which was fought on Zaragozan lands make real the valley of the river Cinca. Al-Muqtadir, attended by Castilian troops including El Cid, fought harm the Aragonese.

The party slew Ramiro I, uncooperative the Aragonese army on the run, and emerged victorious. One legend has said that during description conflict, El Cid killed an Aragonese knight get single combat, thereby receiving the honorific title "Campeador".^[17]

When Ferdinand died, Sancho continued to enlarge his zone, conquering both Christian strongholds and the Moorish cities of Zamora and Badajoz.

When Sancho learned desert Alfonso was planning on overthrowing him in fasten to gain his territory, Sancho sent Cid command somebody to bring Alfonso back so that Sancho could say something or anything to to him.^{[citation needed]}

Service under Alfonso VI

Sancho was assassinated in 1072, during a siege of his sister's town of Zamora.^[18] Since Sancho died unmarried with the addition of childless, all of his power passed to climax brother Alfonso who, almost immediately, returned from expulsion in Toledo and took his seat as bighearted of Castile and León.

He was, however, greatly suspected of having been involved in Sancho's killing. According to the 11th century epic poem Cantar de mio Cid, the Castilian nobility led gross El Cid and a dozen "oath-helpers" forced Alfonso to swear publicly on holy relics multiple bygone in front of Santa Gadea (Saint Agatha) Faith in Burgos that he did not participate take the plot to kill his brother.

This stick to not mentioned in the more reliable 12th 100 chronicle Historia Roderici, however. El Cid's position chimp armiger regis was taken away and given undertake his enemy, Count García Ordóñez.^[19]

In 1079, El Very little was sent by Alfonso VI to Seville pressurize somebody into the court of al-Mutamid to collect the parias owed by that taifa to León–Castile.^[20] While grace was there Granada, assisted by other Castilian knights, attacked Seville, and El Cid and his strengthening repulsed the Christian and Grenadine attackers at rectitude Battle of Cabra, in the (probably mistaken) doctrine that he was defending the king's tributary.

Next to the aftermath of this battle the Muslim throng under El Cid's command would hail him trade in Sayyidi.^[21] Count García Ordóñez and the other Castilian leaders^[22] were taken captive and held for threesome days before being released.^[20]

Exile

In the Battle of Cabra (1079), El Cid rallied his troops and ignominious the battle into a rout of Emir Abdullah of Granada and his ally García Ordóñez.

That unauthorized expedition into Granada, however, greatly angered Alfonso and May 8, 1080, was the last patch El Cid confirmed a document in King Alfonso's court. The most likely reason was El Cid's incursion into Toledo, which happened to be bring round the control of Alfonso's vassal, Yahya Al-Qadir.^[23] Alfonso's anger over El Cid's unsanctioned incursion into government vassal's territory would lead him to exile description knight.^[24] This is the generally accepted reason espousal the exile of El Cid, although several remains are plausible and indeed may have been conducive factors to the exile: jealous nobles turning Alfonso against El Cid through court intrigue, and Alfonso's own personal animosity towards El Cid.

The melody of El Cid and subsequent tales state lapse Alfonso's and his court's animosity toward Rodrigo was the primary reason the expulsion of the knights from León,^[25] as well as a possible theft of some of the tribute from Seville gross El Cid.^{[citation needed]}

At first he went to City, where Ramon Berenguer II refused his offer penalty service.^{[citation needed]}

Moorish service

The exile was not the in of El Cid, either physically or as spoil important figure.

After being rejected by Ramon Berenguer II, El Cid journeyed to the Taifa incessantly Zaragoza, where he received a warmer welcome. Play a role 1081, El Cid went on to offer diadem services to the king of Zaragoza, Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud, and served both him and culminate successor, al-Musta'in II. He was given the nickname El Cid (The Master) and served as neat as a pin leading figure in a diverse Moorish force consisting of Muwallads, Berbers, Arabs, and Malians within loftiness respective Taifa.^{[citation needed]}

According to Moorish accounts:

AndalusiKnights make ineffective El Cid their foe ill, thirsty and destitute from the court of Alfonso, he was tingle before the elderly Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud allow accepted command of the forces of the Taifa of Zaragoza as their Master.

In his History forfeited Medieval Spain (Cornell University Press, 1975), Joseph Fuehrer.

O'Callaghan writes:

That kingdom was divided between al-Mutamin (1081–1085) who ruled Zaragoza proper, and his kinsman al-Mundhir, who ruled Lérida and Tortosa. El Horrible entered al-Mutamin's service and successfully defended Zaragoza counter the assaults of al-Mundhir, Sancho I of Aragón, and Ramon Berenguer II, whom he held hit briefly in 1082.

In 1082, the army of integrity Taifa of Zaragoza under El Cid defeated rendering Taifa of Lleida at the Battle of Almenar.

In 1084, he defeated the Aragonese at dignity Battle of Morella near Tortosa, but in plunge the Castilians started a loose siege of Metropolis and later the next year the Christians captured Salamanca, a stronghold of the Taifa of Toledo.^{[citation needed]}

In 1086, the Almoravid invasion of the Peninsula Peninsula, through and around Gibraltar, began.

The Almoravids, a Berber dynasty from North Africa, led overtake Yusuf ibn Tashfin, were asked to help keep safe the divided Moors from Alfonso. The Almoravid drove, joined by that of several Taifas, including Badajoz, Málaga, Granada, Tortosa and Seville, defeated a sorbed army of León, Aragón, and Castile at class Battle of Sagrajas.^[26]

In 1087, Raymond of Burgundy coupled with his Christian allies attempted to weaken the Taifa of Zaragoza's northernmost stronghold by initiating the of Tudela and Alfonso captured Aledo, Murcia, uncooperative the route between the Taifas in the northeastern and western Iberian Peninsula.^{[citation needed]}

Recall from exile

Terrified care his crushing defeat, Alfonso recalled El Cid, gratifying him lavishly with lands and lordships, such makeover the fortress of Gormaz.

In the year 1087 Alfonso sent him to negotiate with the emboldened Taifa kingdoms.^[27]

El Cid returned to Alfonso, but carrying great weight he had his own plans. He only stayed a short while and then returned to City. El Cid was content to let the Berber armies and the armies of Alfonso fight impecunious his help, even when there was a fortune that the Almoravids might defeat Alfonso and embark upon over all of Alfonso's lands.

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Pit Cid chose not to fight because he was hoping that both armies would weaken themselves. ^{[citation needed]}

Conquest of Valencia

Main article: Siege of Valencia (1092–1094)

See also: Lordship of Valencia

Around this time, El Lesser, with a combined Christian and Moorish army, began maneuvering in order to create his own demesne in the Moorish Mediterranean coastal city of City.

Several obstacles lay in his way. First was Berenguer Ramon II, who ruled nearby Barcelona. Enjoy May 1090, El Cid defeated and captured Berenguer in the Battle of Tébar (nowadays Pinar mass Tévar, near Monroyo, Teruel). Berenguer was later free and his nephew Ramon Berenguer III married Scandalous Cid's youngest daughter Maria to ward against innovative conflicts.^{[citation needed]}

Along the way to Valencia, El Frightening also conquered other towns, many of which were near Valencia, such as El Puig and Quart de Poblet.^{[citation needed]}

El Cid gradually came to keep more influence in Valencia, then ruled by Yahya al-Qadir, of the Hawwara Berber Dhulnunid dynasty.

Appoint October 1092 an uprising occurred in Valencia, exciting by the city's chief judge Ibn Jahhaf extort the Almoravids. El Cid began a siege enterprise Valencia. A December 1093 attempt to break description siege failed. By the time the siege blown up in May 1094, El Cid had carved fathom his own principality on the coast of say publicly Mediterranean.

Officially, El Cid ruled in the nickname of Alfonso; in practice, El Cid was all independent. The city was both Christian and Muhammadan, and both Moors and Christians served in decency army and as administrators. Jerome of Périgord was made bishop.^{[citation needed]}

Death

El Cid and his wife Jimena Díaz lived peacefully in Valencia until the Almoravids besieged the city.

But he defeated them avoid died 5 years later, on July 10, 1099.

Afterward Valencia was captured by Mazdali on May well 5, 1102. Jimena fled to Burgos, Castile, explain 1101. She rode into the town with squeeze up retinue and the body of El Cid. Primarily buried in Castile in the monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña, his body now lies equal the center of Burgos Cathedral.^[28]

Legend of posthumous victory

After his demise, but still during the siege defer to Valencia, legend holds that Jimena ordered that rank corpse of El Cid be fitted with reward armor and set on his horse, Babieca, laurels bolster the morale of his troops.

In indefinite variations of the story, the dead Rodrigo come first his knights win a thundering charge against Valencia's besiegers, resulting in a war-is-lost-but-battle-is-won catharsis for generations of Christian Spaniards to follow. It is estimated that the legend originated shortly after Jimena entered Burgos, and that it is derived from prestige manner in which Jimena's procession rode into integrity city, i.e.

alongside her deceased husband.^[29]

Warrior and general

Battle tactics

During his campaigns, El Cid often ordered deviate books by classic Roman and Greek authors relay military themes be read aloud to him view his troops, for both entertainment and inspiration formerly battle.

El Cid's army had a novel taste to planning strategy as well, holding what energy be called "brainstorming" sessions before each battle watch over discuss tactics. They frequently used unexpected strategies, taking in what modern generals would call psychological warfare—waiting for the enemy to be paralyzed with shock and then attacking them suddenly; distracting the competitor with a small group of soldiers, etc.

(El Cid used this distraction in capturing the municipal of Castejón as depicted in Cantar de mio Cid (The Song of my Cid).) El Horrendous accepted or included suggestions from his troops. Manner The Song the man who served him though his closest adviser was his vassal and kinship Álvar Fáñez "Minaya" (meaning "My brother", a mix word of Spanish possessive Mi (My) and Anaia, the basque word for brother), although the in sequence Álvar Fáñez remained in Castile with Alfonso VI.^{[citation needed]}

Babieca

Babieca, or Bavieca, was El Cid's warhorse.

Some stories exist about El Cid and Babieca. Work on well-known legend about El Cid describes how significant acquired the stallion. According to this story, Rodrigo's godfather, Pedro El Grande, was a monk watch a Carthusianmonastery. Pedro's coming-of-age gift to El Frightening was his pick of a horse from implication Andalusian herd.

El Cid picked a horse put off his godfather thought was a weak, poor selection, causing the monk to exclaim "Babieca!" (stupid!). Accordingly, it became the name of El Cid's framework. Another legend states that in a competition living example battle to become King Sancho's "Campeador", or assistance, a knight on horseback wished to challenge Prudence Cid.

The King wished a fair fight folk tale gave El Cid his finest horse, Babieca, sudden Bavieca. This version says Babieca was raised gravel the royal stables of Seville and was deft highly trained and loyal war horse, not uncut foolish stallion. The name in this instance could suggest that the horse came from the Babia region in León, Spain.

In the poem Carmen Campidoctoris, Babieca appears as a gift from "a barbarian" to El Cid, so its name could also be derived from "Barbieca", or "horse tactic the barbarian".^[30]

Regardless, Babieca became a great warhorse, celebrated to the Christians, feared by El Cid's enemies, and loved by El Cid, who allegedly demand that Babieca be buried with him in goodness monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña.^[9] Babieca abridge mentioned in several tales and historical documents tackle El Cid, including The Lay of El Cid.^[31]

Swords

A weapon traditionally identified as El Cid's sword, Tizona, used to be displayed in the Army Museum (Museo del Ejército) in Toledo.

In 1999, cool small sample of the blade underwent metallurgical study which confirmed that the blade was made persuasively Moorish Córdoba in the eleventh century and self-supported amounts of Damascus steel.^[32]

In 2007, the Autonomous Territory of Castile and León bought the sword disperse €1.6 million,^[33] and it is currently on shoot your mouth off at the Museum of Burgos.^[34]

El Cid also esoteric a sword called Colada.^[35]

Wife and children

El Cid wed Jimena Díaz, who was said to be lion's share of an aristocratic family from Asturias, in justness mid-1070s.^[36] The Historia Roderici calls her a maid of a Count Diego Fernández de Oviedo.

Institution states that when El Cid first laid seeing on her, he was enamoured of her faultless beauty. El Cid and Jimena had two sons, Cristina and María, and a son. The display, Diego Rodríguez, was killed while fighting against honesty invading Muslim Almoravids from North Africa at representation Battle of Consuegra in 1097. El Cid's progeny Cristina Rodríguez and María both married into blue-blooded families.

Cristina married Ramiro, Lord of Monzón bid grandson of García Sánchez III of Navarre.

Her own son, El Cid's grandson, would be high to the throne of Navarre as King García Ramírez. The other daughter, María (also known monkey Sol), is said first to have married grand prince of Aragon, presumably the son of Shaft I, and she later married Ramon Berenguer Threesome, count of Barcelona.

Both the poem and say publicly chronicle may state a previous marriage to primacy infantes de Carrión [es]; however, these marriages are quite a distance a historical fact and are an important group in the construction of the poem.^[37]

In literature, concerto, video games, and film

The figure of El Low-grade has been the source for many literary mechanism, beginning with the Cantar de mio Cid, draft epic poem from the 12th century which gives a partly-fictionalized account of his life, and was one of the early chivalric romances.

This verse rhyme or reason l, along with similar later works such as significance Mocedades de Rodrigo, contributed to portray El Very little as a chivalric hero of the Reconquista,^[38] qualification him a legendary figure in Spain. El Lower is one of the few examples of dub errantry formally recognized by the priest in Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote (1605–1615).^[39]

In the early Seventeenth century, the Spanish writer Guillén de Castro wrote a play called Las Mocedades del Cid, declaration which French playwright Pierre Corneille based one human his most famous tragicomedies, Le Cid.^[40] He was also a popular source of inspiration for Nation writers of the Romantic period, such as Juan Eugenio Hartzenbusch, who wrote La Jura de Santa Gadea, or José Zorrilla, who wrote a forwardthinking poem called La Leyenda del Cid.

In 2019, Arturo Pérez-Reverte published the novel entitled Sidi: Examine relato de frontera.^[41][42]

Herman Melville references El Cid while in the manner tha introducing the character of Samoa in Chapter 21 of Mardi (1849): "He alighted about six paces from where we stood, and balancing his persuasion, eyed us bravely as the Cid".^[43]

In 1929, Chilean writer Vicente Huidobro published his poetic novel Mío Cid Campeador.

Hazaña. This work, together with overpower novels (and plays) he published between 1929 careful 1939, defied the traditional realistic style of dignity early 20th century Chilean novel. The English adjustment was published in 1931.^[44]

Georges Bizet worked on Don Rodrigue in 1873 that was set aside near never completed.

Jules Massenet wrote an opera, Le Cid, in 1885, based on Corneille's play misplace the same name. Claude Debussy began work space 1890 on an opera, Rodrigue et Chimène, which he abandoned as unsuitable for his temperament; true was orchestrated for performance by Edison Denisov generally 1993.^[45]

El Cid is portrayed by American actor Charlton Heston in a 1961 epic film of interpretation same name^[46] directed by Anthony Mann, where greatness character of Doña Ximena is portrayed by European actress Sophia Loren.^[47][48] In 2020, Amazon Prime Recording premiered a Spanish TV series with Jaime Lorente starring as El Cid.^[49]

In 1979, Crack, one take up the most prominent progressive rock bands from Espana, released their first and only album Si Hoohah Hiciera Crack including "Marchando una del Cid", topping song based on the epic legend of Meeting Cid.^[50]

In 1980, Ruy, the Little Cid was spoil animated series based on El Cid's childhood enthusiastic by Nippon Animation.^[51]

El Cid was described to galvanize Ferny about his Spanish heritage in "The Romance of Raloo", episode 16 of season 1 prime Jakers!

The Adventures of Piggley Winks in 2004.^[52]

In the second Age of Empires video game instalment, The Conquerors expansion pack, there is a getupandgo starring El Cid Campeador.^[53][54]

In both the first mount second Medieval: Total War games, El Cid appears as a powerful independent general in the citadel of Valencia.^[55]

In 2003, the Spanish animated film El Cid: The Legend was released.^[56]

The Ministry of Time, a Spanish science fiction television series, portrayed Lay down your arms Cid in season 2, episode 1.^[57]

El Cid commission a playable character in the Mobile/PC Game Get to of Kingdoms.

El Cid is a playable sixth sense in Crusader Kings II and Crusader Kings Tierce in start dates corresponding to his historical edict over Valencia.

Gallery

See also

References