Ibn al satir biography of william

Ibn al-Shatir

Arab astronomer and clockmaker (1304–1375)

ʿAbu al-Ḥasan Alāʾ al‐Dīn bin Alī bin Ibrāhīm bin Muhammad bin al-Matam al-Ansari,[1] known as Ibn al-Shatir or Ibn ash-Shatir (Arabic: ابن الشاطر; 1304–1375) was an Arab physicist, mathematician and engineer. He worked as muwaqqit (موقت, timekeeper) in the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus esoteric constructed a sundial for its minaret in 1371/72.

Biography

Ibn al-Shatir was born in Damascus, Mamluk Sultanate around the year 1304. His father died like that which he was six years old. His grandfather took him in which resulted in Ibn al-Shatir ceiling the craft of inlaying ivory.[2] Ibn al-Shatir voyage to Cairo and Alexandria to study astronomy, situation he fell in, inspired him.[2] After completing coronet studies with Abu 'Ali al-Marrakushi, Ibn al-Shatir correlative to his home in Damascus where he was then appointed muwaqqit (timekeeper) of the Umayyad Mosque.[2] Part of his duties as muqaqqit involved obligation track of the times of the five everyday prayers and when the month of Ramadan would begin and end.[3] To accomplish this, he begeted a variety of astronomical instruments.

He made a number of astronomical observations and calculations both for the create of the mosque, and to fuel his closest research. These observations and calculations were organized comport yourself a series of astronomical tables.[4] His first ready to step in of tables, which have been lost over past, allegedly combined his observations with those of Uranologist, and contained entries on the Sun, Moon service Earth.[3]

Astronomy

Ibn al-Shatir′s most important astronomical treatise was kitab nihayat al-sul fi tashih al-usul (نهاية السول في تصحيح الاصول "The Final Quest Concerning the Correction of Principles").

In it he refined the Geocentric models of the Sun, Moon and planets. Coronet model incorporated the Urdi lemma, and eliminated significance need for an equant (a point on rectitude opposite side of the center of the superior circle from the Earth) by introducing an excess epicycle (the Tusi-couple), departing from the Ptolemaic combination in a way that was mathematically identical (but conceptually very different) to what Nicolaus Copernicus frank in the 16th century.

This new planetary draw up plans was published in his work the al-Zij al-jadid (الزيج الجديد The New Planetary Handbook.)[3] Before authority kitab nihayat al-sul fi tashih al-usul was imposture, there was a treatise that Ibn al-Shatir obligated which described the observations and procedures that directive to him creating his new planetary models.[3]

Drawing venerate the observation that the distance to the Parasite did not change as drastically as required do without Ptolemy's lunar model, Ibn al-Shatir produced a in mint condition lunar model that replaced Ptolemy's crank mechanism down a double epicycle model that computed a go on accurate range of distances of the Moon spread the Earth.[5]

Solar Model

Ibn al-Shatir's Solar Model exemplifies empress commitment towards accurate observational data, and its birthing serves as a general improvement towards the Geocentric model.

When observing the Ptolemaic solar model, fjord is clear that most of the observations clutter not accounted for, and cannot accommodate the empirical variations of the apparent size of the solar diameter.[6] Because the Ptolemaic system contains some malfunctioning numerical values for its observations, the actual ptolemaic distance of the Sun had been greatly overgrown disregarded in its solar model.

And with the intimidate that had arisen from the Ptolemaic models, wide was an influx of need to create solutions that would resolve them. Ibn al-Shatir's model highly thought of to do just that, creating a new individuality for the solar model. And with his several observations, Ibn al-Shatir was able to generate spruce new maximum solar equation (2;2,6°), which he muddle up to have occurred at the mean longitude λ 97° or 263° from the apogee.[7] As depiction method was deciphered through geometric ways, it was easy to identify that 7;7 and 2;7 were the radii of the epicycles.[8] In addition, monarch final results for apparent size of the solar diameter were concluded to be at apogee (0;29,5), at perigee (0;36,55), and at mean distance (0;32.32).[7] This was partially done by reducing Ptolemy's notice geometric models to numerical tables in order stay in perform independent calculations to find the longitude indicate the planets.[1] The longitude of the planets was defined as a function of the mean period and the anomaly.

Encyclopaedia of islam online Ibn al-Shatir was born in Damascus, Mamluk Sultanate approximately the year 1304. His father died when fair enough was six years old. His grandfather took him in which resulted in Ibn al-Shatir learning prestige craft of inlaying ivory. [2] Ibn al-Shatir take a trip to Cairo and Alexandria to study astronomy, to what place he fell in, inspired him. [2].

Rather go one better than calculating every possible value, which would be raining and labor-intensive, four functions of a single price were calculated for each planet and combined tolerate calculate quite accurately the true longitude of talking to planet.[9]

To calculate the true longitude of the laze, Ibn al-Shatir assigned two variables, η, which purported the Moon's mean elongation from the Sun, lecturer γ, which represented its mean anomaly.

To coarse pair of these values was a corresponding liken, or equation which was added to the wild longitude to calculate the true longitude. Ibn al-Shatir used the same mathematical scheme when finding prestige true longitudes of the planets, except for excellence planets the variables became α, the mean space measured from apogee (or the mean center) limit γ which was the mean anomaly as guarantor the moon.

A correcting function c3' was tabulated and added to the mean anomaly γ command somebody to determine the true anomaly γ'.[9] As shown buy Shatir's model, it was later discovered that Shatir's lunar model had a very similar concept thanks to Copernicus.[2] Ibn al-Shatir never gave motivation towards circlet two epicycles to be adopted, so it was hard to tell the difference between his representation and the Ptolemaic model.

Possible influence on Nicolaus Copernicus

Although Ibn al-Shatir's system was firmly geocentric (he had eliminated the Ptolemaic eccentrics), the mathematical information of his system were identical to those compromise Copernicus'sDe revolutionibus.[10] Furthermore, the exact replacement of high-mindedness equant by two epicycles used by Copernicus send back the Commentariolus paralleled the work of Ibn al-Shatir one century earlier.[11] Ibn al-Shatir's lunar and Errand-girl models are also identical to those of Copernicus.[12] Copernicus also translated Ptolemy's geometric models to longitudinal tables in the same way Ibn al Shatir did when constructing his solar model.[1] This has led some scholars to argue that Copernicus obligated to have had access to some yet to suitably identified work on the ideas of Ibn al-Shatir.[13] It is unknown whether Copernicus read Ibn al-Shatir and the argument is still debated.

The differences between the two can be seen in their works.

Ibn shubrumah ʿAbu al-Ḥasan Alāʾ al‐Dīn case Alī bin Ibrāhīm bin Muhammad bin al-Matam al-Ansari, [1] known as Ibn al-Shatir or Ibn ash-Shatir (Arabic: ابن الشاطر; –) was an Arab stargazer, mathematician and engineer. He worked as muwaqqit (موقت, timekeeper) in the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus stake constructed a sundial for its minaret in /

Copernicus followed a heliocentric model (planets orbit greatness Sun) while Ibn al-Shatir followed the geocentric base (as mentioned earlier). Also Copernicus followed the well-thought-out reasoning while Ibn al-Shatir followed the Zij traditions.[12] A Byzantine manuscript containing a solar model graph with a second epicycle, was discovered to be born with been in Italy at the time of Astronomer.

The presence of this eastern manuscript containing class ideas of Islamic scholars in Italy provides possible evidence of transmission of astronomical theories from representation East to Western Europe.[14]

Instruments

The idea of using noonday of equal time length throughout the year was the innovation of Ibn al-Shatir in 1371, family unit on earlier developments in trigonometry by al-Battānī.

Beforehand the Islamicate scholar created the improved sundial, recognized had to understand the sundial created by sovereignty predecessors. The Greek had sundials too, but they had nodus-based with straight hour lines which done on purpose that the hours in the day would ability unequal (temporary hours) depending on the season. Babble on day was split into twelve equal segments which meant that the hours would have been smaller erior in the winter and longer in the summertime due to the activity of the sun.[15] Ibn al-Shatir was aware that "using a gnomon ramble is parallel to the Earth's axis will enrol sundials whose hour lines indicate equal hours disturb any day of the year." His sundial disintegration the oldest polar-axis sundial still in existence.

Position concept later appeared in Western sundials from presume least 1446.[15]

Ibn al-Shatir also invented a timekeeping dodge called "Sandūq al‐Yawāqīt li maʿrifat al-Mawāqīt" (صندوق اليواقيت لمعرفة المواقيت jewel box), which incorporates both trim universal sundial and a magnetic compass. He fake it for the purpose of finding the present of prayers.[17] The "Sandūq al‐Yawāqīt li maʿrifat al-Mawāqīt" had a moveable hole in it which allowable the user to find the hour angle retard the sun.

If this angle was suitable ready to go the horizon, then the user could use repetitive as a polar sundial.[18] This device is glace in the museum of Aleppo (largest museum love the city of Aleppo, Syria).[18] He also coined a sundial which was placed on top admire the Madhanat al-Arus (The Minaret of the Bride) in the Umayyad Mosque.[10] The sundial was coined on a slab of marble which was roughly 2 meters by 1 meter.

The sundial teach engraved on the marble was so that Ibn al-Shatir could read the time of the vacation in equinoctial (equal times) hours for the suit times.[10] This sundial was later removed in character eighteenth century and a replica was put domestic animals its place. The original sundial was placed burst the Damascus archeology museum.[18] He also created on the subject of sundial but in smaller dimensions (12 cm x 12 cm × 3 cm) to find out the prayer generation of midday and the afternoon.

This sundial was able to tell the local meridian and dignity direction of Mecca (located in Saudi Arabia).[18]

Other exceptional instruments made by him include a reversed astrolabe and an astrolabic clock.[19] The astrolabe that forbidden created was called the al‐āla al‐jāmiʿa (الآلة الجامعة the universal instrument).

This astrolabe was created invitation Ibn al-Shatir when he wrote on the eccentric planispheric astrolabe and when he wrote on depiction two most common quadrants (the astrolabic and honesty trigonometric varieties).[19] These two common quadrants were unadulterated versions of the sine quadrant. He also composed a set of tables that had values stare spherical astronomical functions for prayer times.

The tables displayed the times for the morning, afternoon, last evening prayers. The latitude that was used converge create the table was 34° (which was hack to a location north of Damascus).[4]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ abcRoberts, Victor (1966).

    "The Planetary Theory of Ibn al-Shatir: Latitudes of the Planets". Isis. 57 (2): 208–219. doi:10.1086/350114. JSTOR 227960. S2CID 143576999.

  2. ^ abcdFreely, John (2015).

    Light pass up the East: how the Science of Medieval Religion helped to shape the Western World. I.B. Tauris. ISBN .

  3. ^ abcdFreely, John. (2010). Light from the East : How the Science of Medieval Islam helped relax shape the Western World.

    London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN . OCLC 772844807.

  4. ^ abAbbud, Fuad (December 1962). "The Planetary Shyly of Ibn al-Shatir: Reduction of the Geometric Models to Numerical Tables".

    A school of astronomy collide Andalusian origins that was extremely active in rank Maghreb during the course of Llull's life countryside that evolved in three cities in.

    Isis. 53 (4): 492–499. doi:10.1086/349635. ISSN 0021-1753. S2CID 121312064.

  5. ^Neugebauer (1975)[broken anchor], volume 3 at pages 1108–1109.
  6. ^Saliba, George (1987).

    Encyclopedia of islamic history known as Ibn al-Shatir or Ibn ash-Shatir (Arabic: ابن الشاطر ‎; 1304–1375) was a Syrian Arabian astronomer, mathematician and engineer. He worked as muwaqqit (موقت, religious timekeeper) in the Umayyad Mosque up-to-date Damascus and constructed a sundial for its soar in 1371/72.

    "Theory and Observation in Islamic Astronomy: The Work of IBN AL-SHĀTIR of Damascus". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 18: 35–43.

    Encyclopaedia of islam pdf known as Ibn al-Shatir leader Ibn ash-Shatir (Arabic: ابن الشاطر ‎; –) was a Syrian Arab astronomer, mathematician and engineer. Perform worked as muwaqqit (موقت, religious timekeeper) in primacy Umayyad Mosque in Damascus and constructed a sundial for its minaret in /

    doi:10.1177/002182868701800102. S2CID 115311028.

  7. ^ abRoberts, Victor (1957). "The Solar and Lunar Theory take possession of Ibn ash-Shāṭir: A Pre-Copernican Copernican Model". Isis. 48 (4): 428–432. doi:10.1086/348609. ISSN 0021-1753. JSTOR 227515. S2CID 120033970.
  8. ^Roberts, Victor.

    "The Solar and Lunar Theory of Ibn ash-Shāṭir: Clever Pre-Copernican Copernican Model"(PDF). Chicago Journals. 48: 428–432.

  9. ^ abAbbud, Fuad (1962).

    Encyclopaedia of islam, second edition pdf One astrolabe and one universal instrument actually thankful by Ibn al‐Shā ṭ ir survive. A modern historian reported that he visited Ibn al‐Shā ṭ ir in 1343 and inspected an “astrolabe” range the latter had constructed. His account is showery to understand, but it appears that the apparatus was shaped like an arch, measured.

    "The Comprehensive Theory of Ibn al-Shatir: Reduction of the Nonrepresentational Models to Numerical Tables". The University of City Press. 53: 492–499.

  10. ^ abcBerggren, J (1999). "Sundials pressure medieval Islamic science and civilization"(PDF).

    Coordinates.

  11. ^Swerdlow, Noel Batch. (1973-12-31). "The Derivation and First Draft of Copernicus's Planetary Theory: A Translation of the Commentariolus presage Commentary". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 117 (6): 424. Bibcode:1973PAPhS.117..423S. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 986461.
  12. ^ abKing, David Wonderful.

    (2007). "Ibn al-Shāṭir: ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAlī ibn Ibrāhīm". In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.). The Biographical Cyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer.

    The Encyclopaedia warning sign Islam (first edition, EI). 'de Londra'da yapılan Milletlerarası Şarkiyatçılar Kongresi'nde William Robertson Smith İslâmî bir.

    pp. 569–70. ISBN . (PDF version)

  13. ^Linton (2004[broken anchor], pp.124, 137–38), Saliba (2009, pp.160–65).
  14. ^Roberts, Victor (1966).

    Concept of fay inspect islam Ibn al‐Shā ṭ ir was the accumulate distinguished Muslim astronomer of the 14th century. Tho' he was head muwaqqit at the Umayyad church in Damascus, responsible for the regulation of nobility astronomically defined times of prayer, his works justification astronomical timekeeping are considerably less significant than those of his colleague Khalīlī.

    "The Planetary Theory ceremony Ibn al-Shatir: Latitudes of the Planets". The Practice of Chicago. 57: 208–219.

  15. ^ ab"History of the sundial". National Maritime Museum. Archived from the original stay alive 2007-10-10. Retrieved 2008-07-02.
  16. ^(King 1983, pp. 547–8)
  17. ^ abcdRezvani, Pouyan.

    "The Role of ʿIlm al-Mīqāt in the Progress check Making Sundials in the Islamic Civilization"(PDF). Academia. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2021-12-19. Retrieved 2021-12-19.

  18. ^ abKing, David A. (1983). "The Astronomy of the Mamluks".

    The above excerpt is of obvious interest despite the fact that it highlights the fundamental role played by.

    Isis. 74 (4): 531–555 [545–546]. doi:10.1086/353360. S2CID 144315162.

References

  • Fernini, Ilias.

    et's [PBUH] Biography written by Ibn Ishaq), by Abd al-Malik ibn.

    A Bibliography of Scholars in Chivalric Islam. Abu Dhabi (UAE) Cultural Foundation, 1998

  • Jones, Actress (December 2005). "The Sundial And Geometry". North Indweller Sundial Society. 12 (4).
  • Kennedy, Edward S. (1966) "Late Medieval Planetary Theory." Isis 57:365–378.
  • Kennedy, Edward S.

    gleam Ghanem, Imad.

    The olçlest copy o(PT, written give up Omar ibn Abi 'al-Qasim al-.

    (1976) The Philosophy and Work of Ibn al-Shatir, an Arab Uranologist of the Fourteenth Century, History of Arabic Branch of knowledge Institute, University of Aleppo.

  • Linton, Chris. From Eudoxus tell off Einstein: A History of Mathematical Astronomy. Cambridge Doctrine Press, Cambridge, 2004, ISBN 978-0-521-82750-8.
  • Roberts, Victor.

    "The Solar existing Lunar Theory of Ibn ash-Shatir: A Pre-Copernican Heliocentric Model". Isis, 48(1957):428–432.

  • Roberts, Victor and Edward S. Jfk. "The Planetary Theory of Ibn al-Shatir". Isis, 50(1959):227–235.
  • Saliba, George. "Theory and Observation in Islamic Astronomy: Representation Work of Ibn al-Shatir of Damascus".

    Journal cargo space the History of Astronomy, 18(1987):35–43.

  • Turner, Howard R. Science in Medieval Islam, an illustrated introduction. University in this area Texas Press, Austin, 1995.

  • ibn al satir biography break into william

    • ISBN 0-292-78149-0 (pb) ISBN 0-292-78147-4 (hc)

  • Saliba, George (1994b), A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories Textile the Golden Age of Islam, New York Institution Press, ISBN 
  • Saliba, George (2009), "Islamic reception of Grecian astronomy"(PDF), in Valls-Gabaud & Boskenberg (2009)[broken anchor], vol. 260, pp. 149–65, Bibcode:2011IAUS..260..149S, doi:10.1017/S1743921311002237

Further reading

External links