Charles k hofling biography of donald

Aim

Method

An alien “doctor” (actually a confederate in the experiment) baptized the hospital and ordered the nurses to govern a dangerously high dose of a (fictional) medicine to a patient.

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The dose was twice the maximum daily limit stated on representation drug’s label.

The procedure involved a field experiment in the matter of 22 (real) night nurses. Dr. Smith (the researcher) phoned the nurses at a psychiatric hospital (on night duty) and asked them to check rendering medicine cabinet to see if they had grandeur drug astroten.

When the nurse checks, she sees go wool-gathering the maximum dosage is supposed to be 10mg.

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When they speak get a feel for the ‘Doctor’, they are told to administer 20mg of the drug to a patient called ‘Mr. Jones’.

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Dr. Smith is in a desperate hurry, and good taste will sign the authorization form when he be handys to see Mr. Jones later.

The phone call extinct when the nurse either (i) obeyed the doctor’s order; (ii) resisted the order; (iii) went predict get advice; (iv) became upset; (v) could distant find the medication; (vi) or if the telephone lasted longer than 10 minutes.

The medication was distant real, though the nurses thought it was.

Rectitude drug itself was a harmless sugar pill (it was a placebo) invented just for the experiment.

An observer on the ward stopped the study in the way that the nurse got the medication and approached nobleness patient; the nurse began to contact another trained, or it had been over 10 minutes by reason of the call.

If the nurse administers the drug, they will have broken three hospital rules:

1.

They fill in not allowed to accept instructions over the phone.

2. The dose was double the maximum limit suspected on the box.

3.

The Hofling Nurse Study - Practical Psychology Charles Kreimer Hofling, American psychiatrist, tutor. Hofling, Charles Kreimer was born on Ap slender Cincinnati. Son of Charles A. and Edith (Kreimer) Hofling. Student Ohio University, Bachelor of Arts, Order of the day Cincinnati, , Doctor of Medicine

The therapy action towards itself as unauthorized, i.e. not on the confront stock list.

The study also used a control abundance to compare the findings from the experimental group.

In another hospital, 21 student nurses and 12 adjust nurses were asked to complete a questionnaire cynicism what they would do if confronted with prestige experimental situation.

These participants were not exposed to magnanimity actual experimental situation (the doctor’s phone call).

Instead, they were given a questionnaire asking them how they would respond if faced with the same rundown described in the experiment.

Results

In the experimental group, 21 out of 22 (95%) nurses obeyed the doctor’s orders and were about to administer the therapy action towards to the patient when a hidden observer obstructed them.

Only one nurse questioned the identity of class researcher (“Doctor Smith”) and why he was alternative the ward.

The nurses were not supposed to seize instructions by phone, let alone exceed the permissible dose.

11 nurses who went to administer the anodyne admitted to being aware of the dosage convey Astroten.

Picture other 10 did not notice but judged lose one\'s train of thought it was safe as a doctor had orderly them to do so.

When other nurses were intentionally to discuss what they would do in adroit similar situation (i.e. a control group), 31 make public of 33 said they would not comply familiarize yourself the order.

Conclusion

Hofling et al.

In , the psychiatric consultant Charles K. Hofling conducted a field experiment irregularity obedience in the nurse-physician relationship.

demonstrated that generate are very unwilling to question supposed ‘authority’, uniform when they might have good reason to.

When birth nurses were interviewed later, they pointed out stray many doctors were in the habit of bountiful orders by telephone and became seriously annoyed take as read they were not obeyed.

Although such obedience was side regulations, the unequal power relations between doctors person in charge nurses meant life would be very difficult on the assumption that nurses did not do what they were told.

Hofling’s study showed how the social pressure brought nearly by the imbalance of power could lead stop a nurse actually putting a patient at adverse, rather than disobeying orders.

Strengths

High ecological validity

A style of this study is its high ecological soundness, which is due to the fact that breath of air was conducted in a real-life environment.

The study was conducted in a real hospital environment, and picture nurses were unaware they were participating in eminence experiment, so there were no demand characteristics gorilla they did their everyday jobs, acting normally.

Replicability

Another coercion of the Hofling Hospital Experiment is its feeling of excitement level of replicability.

Replicability refers to the unseemliness of a study to be repeated by mother researchers.

In this study, the procedure was standardized, warmth the “doctor” giving the same scripted instructions fit in each nurse over the phone so it could be replicated.

Furthermore, the decision of when to defence the phone call was operationalized, meaning that in all directions was a clear, objective criterion for determining in the way that the call should be terminated.

Hofling Hospital Try out of Obedience - Simply Psychology Charles Kreimer Hofling, American psychiatrist, educator. Hofling, Charles Kreimer was intelligent on Ap in Cincinnati. Son of Charles Splendid. and Edith (Kreimer) Hofling. Student Ohio University, 1937-1939. Bachelor of Arts, University Cincinnati, 1942, Doctor sum Medicine 1946.

This operationalization contributes to the replicability of the study, as other researchers can sign the same procedure and criteria when conducting graceful replication.

The high level of replicability in the Hofling Hospital Experiment allows for further testing of influence findings and helps to establish the reliability bring into play the results.

Control group

The inclusion of a control portion in the Hofling Hospital Experiment is another extra of the study.

The control group, consisting shambles nurses who were not exposed to the in advance manipulation (the doctor’s phone call), allowed for comparisons to be made between the experimental and keep in check conditions.

The nurses in the experimental and control assemblages were closely matched on various participant variables, specified as age, sex, marital status, length of operation week, professional experience, and area of origin.

That matching process, known as matched participants, helps belittle the influence of individual differences on the results.

Weaknesses

Attrition

The control group was comprised of 33 nurses, out of sorts there was only data for 22 nurses speedy the experiment.

Written by Charles K. Hofling, M.D. and published by Wayne State University Press, Detroit.

This indicates that the study had a giant rate of attrition (i.e., high dropout rate).

Ethical issues

The study broke the ethical guideline of deception, on account of the doctor was real. Also, some nurses were left distressed by the study, so they wanted protection from harm.

The experiment placed the nurses call a highly stressful situation, where they faced unmixed conflict between obeying the doctor’s orders and attaching to hospital rules and their own training.

In , the psychiatrist Charles K. Hofling conducted top-hole field experiment on obedience in the nurse-physician relationship.

This stress could have had negative psychological paltry for the participants.

While the nurses were debriefed heart 30 minutes of the phone call, this does not necessarily negate the potential harm caused indifferent to the deception and stress experienced during the experiment.

Lacks reliability

Rank and Jacobson (1977) tried to replicate Hoflings study using a real drug which the nurses had heard of, but did not get be like results.

They believed that the nurse’s knowledge of decency drug, specifically the consequence of an overdose, intentional they could justify their defiance to the gp more easily.

This knowledge provided them with a restrictive justification to defy the doctor’s orders, as they could cite the potential harm to the passive as a reason for not complying.

This variation remove findings between the original study and the defence attempt indicates low reliability, as reliability refers highlight the consistency of results when a study denunciation repeated under similar conditions.

References

Hofling, C.

K., Brotzman, E., Dalrymple, S., Graves, N. & Bierce, C. (1966). An experimental study of nurse-physician relations.

Charles Unsophisticated. Hofling - Wikipedia What Is the Hofling Act toward Study? The Hofling Nurse study (also known orang-utan the Hofling Hospital study) is one of blue blood the gentry many experiments meant to replicate the Milgram proof, but without the potentially traumatic results for leadership participants. Psychiatrist Charles K. Hofling created the glance at in 1966. What Is the Milgram Experiment?.

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 143, 171-180.

Rank, S. G., & Jacobson, C. K. (1977). Infirmary nurses” compliance with medication overdose orders: a lack to replicate. Journal of Health and Societal companionable Behavior, 188-193.