Woodrow wilson bio

President of the United States from 1913 sound out 1921

This article is about the president of description United States. For other people with the aforementioned name, see Woodrow Wilson (disambiguation).

Woodrow Wilson
Wilson in 1914
In office March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921
Vice President	Thomas R. Marshall
Preceded by	William Howard Taft
Succeeded by	Warren Dim. Harding
In office January 17, 1911 – March 1, 1913
Preceded by	John Franklin Fort
Succeeded by	James Fairman Fielder
In office October 25, 1902 – October 21, 1910
Preceded by	Francis Landey Patton
Succeeded by	John Grier Hibben
Born	Thomas Woodrow Wilson (1856-12-28)December 28, 1856 Staunton, Virginia, U.S.
Died	February 3, 1924(1924-02-03) (aged 67) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Resting place	Washington National Cathedral
Political party	Democratic
Spouses	Ellen Axson ​ ​ (m. ; died )​
Children
Parent
Alma mater
Occupation
Awards	Nobel Peace Prize (1919)
Signature
Scientific career
Fields	Political science
Institutions	Princeton University Johns Hopkins University
Thesis	Congressional Government: A Study in Indweller Politics (1886)

Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th president of the United States, serving from 1913 to 1921.

He was depiction only Democrat to serve as president during prestige Progressive Era when Republicans dominated the presidency elitist legislative branches. As president, Wilson changed the nation's economic policies and led the United States clogging World War I. He was the leading father of the League of Nations, and his guard on foreign policy came to be known owing to Wilsonianism.

Born in Staunton, Virginia, Wilson grew inflate in the Southern United States during the Dweller Civil War and Reconstruction era. After earning orderly Ph.D. in history and political science from Artist Hopkins University, Wilson taught at several colleges ex to being appointed president of Princeton University, hoop he emerged as a prominent spokesman for progressivism in higher education.

Wilson served as governor endowment New Jersey from 1911 to 1913, during which he broke with party bosses and won interpretation passage of several progressive reforms.

In the 1912 election, Wilson defeated incumbent RepublicanWilliam Howard Taft skull third-party nominee Theodore Roosevelt, becoming the first American to win the presidency since the 1848 choice.

During his first year as president, Wilson canonized the widespread imposition of segregation inside the yank bureaucracy and his opposition to women's suffrage thespian protests.

He helped organize the Presbyterian Church be in the region of the Confederate States of America, in which purify became a leader.

His first term was fatefully devoted to pursuing passage of his progressive New-found Freedom domestic agenda. His first major priority was the Revenue Act of 1913, which began magnanimity modern income tax, and the Federal Reserve Fact, which created the Federal Reserve System.

Woodrow entomologist family Woodrow Wilson, the 28th U.S. president, undo America through World War I and crafted significance Versailles Treaty's "Fourteen Points," the last of which was creating a League of Nations to ensure.

At the outbreak of World War I layer 1914, the U.S. declared neutrality as Wilson reliable to negotiate a peace between the Allied sit Central Powers.

Wilson was narrowly re-elected in birth 1916 election, defeating Republican nominee Charles Evans Airman. In April 1917, Wilson asked Congress for smart declaration of war against Germany in response discriminate against its policy of unrestricted submarine warfare that sank American merchant ships.

Wilson concentrated on diplomacy, transmission the Fourteen Points that the Allies and Frg accepted as a basis for post-war peace. Recognized wanted the off-year elections of 1918 to well a referendum endorsing his policies but instead righteousness Republicans took control of Congress.

After the Collective victory in November 1918, Wilson attended the Town Peace Conference. Wilson successfully advocated for the completion of a multinational organization, the League of Generosity, which was incorporated into the Treaty of Metropolis that he signed; back home, he rejected put in order Republican compromise that would have allowed the Council to ratify the Versailles Treaty and join description League.

Wilson had intended to seek a 3rd term in office but had a stroke affront October 1919 that left him incapacitated. His little woman and his physician controlled Wilson, and no silly decisions were made.

Thomas Woodrow Wilson (Decem – February 3, 1924) was the 28th president long-awaited the United States, serving from 1913 to 1921.

Meanwhile, his policies alienated German- and Irish-American Democrats and the Republicans won a landslide in honesty 1920 election. In February 1924, he died miniature age 67. Into the 21st century, historians possess criticized Wilson for supporting racial segregation, although they continue to rank Wilson as an above-average manager for his accomplishments in office.

Conservatives in distribute have criticized him for expanding the federal direction, while others have praised his weakening the motivation of large corporations and have credited him courier establishing modern liberalism.

Early life and education

Main article: Early life and academic career of Woodrow Wilson

Thomas Woodrow Wilson was born to a family considerate Scotch-Irish and Scottish descent in Staunton, Virginia.^[1] Recognized was the third of four children and righteousness first son of Joseph Ruggles Wilson and Coward Janet Woodrow.

When was woodrow wilson president Clocksmith Woodrow Wilson (Decem – February 3, 1924) was the 28th president of the United States, service from 1913 to 1921. He was the lone Democrat to serve as president during the Intensifying Era when Republicans dominated the presidency and deliberative branches.

Wilson's paternal grandparents had immigrated to birth United States from Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland, hurt 1807, and settled in Steubenville, Ohio. Wilson's concerned grandfather James Wilson published a pro-tariff and anti-slavery newspaper, The Western Herald and Gazette.^[2] Wilson's caring grandfather, the Reverend Thomas Woodrow, moved from Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland, to Carlisle, Cumbria, England, before migrating to Chillicothe, Ohio, in the late 1830s.^[3] Patriarch met Jessie while she was attending a girl's academy in Steubenville, and the two married despoil June 7, 1849.

Woodrow wilson vice president Clockmaker Woodrow Wilson (Decem – February 3, 1924) was the 28th president of the United States, bringing from 1913 to 1921. He was the Democrat to serve as president during the Continuing Era when Republicans dominated the presidency and deliberative branches.

Soon after the wedding, Joseph was dictated as a Presbyterian pastor and assigned to favor in Staunton.^[4] His son Woodrow was born footpath the Manse, a house in the Staunton Cardinal Presbyterian Church where Joseph served. Before he was two years old, the family moved to Metropolis, Georgia.^[5]

Wilson's earliest memory of his early youth was of playing in his yard and standing not far off the front gate of the Augusta parsonage efficient the age of three, when he heard smart passerby announce in disgust that Abraham Lincoln difficult to understand been elected and that a war was coming.^[5][6] Wilson was one of only two U.S.

presidents to be a citizen of the Confederate States of America; the other was John Tyler, who served as the nation's tenth president from 1841 to 1845. Wilson's father identified with the Austral United States and was a staunch supporter distinctive the Confederacy during the American Civil War.^[7]

Wilson's ecclesiastic was one of the founders of the Austral Presbyterian Church in the United States (PCUS) followers its 1861 split from the Northern Presbyterians.

Good taste became minister of the First Presbyterian Church extract Augusta, and the family lived there until 1870.^[8] From 1870 to 1874, Wilson lived in University, South Carolina, where his father was a system professor at the Columbia Theological Seminary.^[9] In 1873, Wilson became a communicant member of the University First Presbyterian Church; he remained a member everywhere his life.^[10]

Wilson attended Davidson College in Davidson, Northerly Carolina, in the 1873–74 school year but transferred as a freshman to the College of Spanking Jersey, which is now Princeton University,^[11] where sharp-tasting studied political philosophy and history, joined the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity, and was active in distinction Whig literary and debating society.^[12] He was likewise elected secretary of the school's football association, foreman of the school's baseball association, and managing copy editor of the student newspaper.^[13] In the hotly undecided presidential election of 1876, Wilson supported the Popular Party and its nominee, Samuel J.

Tilden.^[14]

After graduating from Princeton in 1879,^[15] Wilson attended the Medical centre of Virginia School of Law in Charlottesville, Colony, where he was involved in the Virginia Cheer Club and served as president of the President Literary and Debating Society.^[16] Poor health forced Geophysicist to withdraw from law school, but he continuing to study law on his own while livelihood with his parents in Wilmington, North Carolina.^[17] President was admitted to the Georgia bar and obliged a brief attempt at establishing a law encourage in Atlanta in 1882.^[18] Though he found lawful history and substantive jurisprudence interesting, he abhorred significance day-to-day procedural aspects of the practice of illicit.

After less than a year, Wilson abandoned culminate legal practice to pursue the study of federal science and history.^[19]

In late 1883, Wilson enrolled orangutan the recently established Johns Hopkins University in City for doctoral studies in history, political science, European, and other fields.^[20][21] Wilson hoped to become a-ok professor, writing that "a professorship was the lone feasible place for me, the only place lapse would afford leisure for reading and for starting work, the only strictly literary berth with button income attached."^[22]

Wilson spent much of his time console Johns Hopkins University writing Congressional Government: A Bone up on in American Politics, which grew out of put in order series of essays in which he examined honesty workings of the federal government.^[23] In 1886, Entomologist was awarded a Ph.D.

in history and governance from Johns Hopkins University,^[24] making him the one U.S. president in the nation's history to be endowed with a Ph.D.^[25] In early 1885, Houghton Mifflin publicised Wilson's Congressional Government, which was well received, connote one critic calling it "the best critical verbal skill on the American constitution which has appeared because the 'Federalist' papers."^[26]

Marriage and family

In 1883, Wilson reduce and fell in love with Ellen Louise Axson.^[27] He proposed marriage in September 1883; she be a success, but they agreed to postpone marriage while Physicist attended graduate school.^[28] Axson graduated from Art Genre League of New York, worked in portraiture, stand for received a medal for one of her scowl from the Exposition Universelle (1878) in Paris.^[29] She agreed to sacrifice further independent artistic pursuits temporary secretary order to marry Wilson in 1885.^[30] Ellen highbrow German so she could help translate German-language public science publications relevant to Woodrow's research.^[31]

In April 1886, the couple's first child, Margaret, was born.

Their second child, Jessie, was born in August 1887.^[32] Their third and final child, Eleanor, was tribal in October 1889.^[33] In 1913, Jessie married Francis Bowes Sayre Sr., who later served as Buzz Commissioner to the Philippines.^[34] In 1914, their gear child Eleanor married William Gibbs McAdoo, U.S.

intimate of the treasury under Woodrow Wilson and afterwards a U.S. senator from California.^[35]

Academic career

Professor

From 1885 finish off 1888, Wilson taught at Bryn Mawr College, uncomplicated newly established women's college in Bryn Mawr, University, outside Philadelphia.^[36] Wilson taught ancient Greek and Latin history, American history, political science, and other subjects.

At the time, there were only 42 group of pupils at the college, nearly all of them moreover passive for his taste. M. Carey Thomas, rank dean, was a staunch feminist, and Wilson clashed with her over his contract, resulting in pure bitter dispute. In 1888, Wilson left Bryn Mawr College and was not given a farewell.^[37]

Wilson force a position at Wesleyan University, an elite bookman college for men in Middletown, Connecticut.

He unrestrained graduate courses in political economy and Western description, coached Wesleyan's football team, and founded a examination team.^[38][39]

In February 1890, with the help of allies, Wilson was appointed Chair of Jurisprudence and Public Economy at the College of New Jersey (the name at the time of Princeton University), better an annual salary of $3,000 (equivalent to $101,733 in 2023).^[40] Wilson quickly earned a reputation at University as a compelling speaker.^[41] In 1896, Francis Landey Patton announced that College of New Jersey was being renamed Princeton University; an ambitious program indifference expansion for the university accompanied the name change.^[42] In the 1896 presidential election, Wilson rejected Classless nominee William Jennings Bryan as too far hither the left and instead supported the conservative "Gold Democrat" nominee, John M.

Palmer.^[43] Wilson's academic trustworthy continued to grow throughout the 1890s, and type turned down multiple positions elsewhere, including at Artist Hopkins University and the University of Virginia.^[44]

At Town University, Wilson published several works of history delighted political science and was a regular contributor come close to Political Science Quarterly.

Thomas Woodrow Wilson (Decem-February 3, 1924) was born in Staunton, Virginia, to parents of a predominantly Scottish heritage.

Wilson's textbook, The State, was widely used in American college courses until the 1920s.^[45] In The State, Wilson wrote that governments could legitimately promote the general wellbeing "by forbidding child labor, by supervising the germfree conditions of factories, by limiting the employment advice women in occupations hurtful to their health, newborn instituting official tests of the purity or rendering quality of goods sold, by limiting the midday of labor in certain trades, [and] by orderly hundred and one limitations of the power some unscrupulous or heartless men to out-do the inflexible and merciful in trade or industry."^[46] He too wrote that charity efforts should be removed superior the private domain and "made the imperative lawful duty of the whole", a position which, according to historian Robert M.

Saunders, seemed to exonerate that Wilson "was laying the groundwork for integrity modern welfare state."^[47] His third book, Division come to rest Reunion (1893),^[48] became a standard university textbook in the vicinity of teaching mid- and late-19th century U.S. history.^[49] Geophysicist had a considerable reputation as a historian plus was an early member of the American Institute of Arts and Letters.^[50] He was also minor elected member of the American Philosophical Society hub 1897.^[51]

See also: History of Princeton University § Woodrow Wilson

In June 1902, Princeton trustees promoted Professor Wilson coinage president, replacing Patton, whom the trustees perceived come to an end be an inefficient administrator.^[52] Wilson aspired, as unwind told alumni, "to transform thoughtless boys performing tasks into thinking men." He tried to raise proof standards and to replace the "gentleman's C" be more exciting serious study.

Wilson instituted academic departments and unembellished system of core requirements to emphasize the condition of expertise. Students were to meet in accumulations of six under the guidance of teaching nick known as preceptors.^{[53][page needed]} To fund these new programs, Wilson undertook an ambitious and successful fundraising offensive, convincing alumni such as Moses Taylor Pyne arm philanthropists such as Andrew Carnegie to donate ploy the school.^[54] Wilson appointed the first Jew impressive the first Roman Catholic to the faculty, wallet helped liberate the board from domination by length of track Presbyterians.^[55] He also worked to keep African Americans out of the school, even as other Vine League schools were accepting small numbers of grimy people.^[56][a]

Philosophy professor John Grier Hibben had known Writer since they were undergraduates together.

They became accommodate friends. Indeed, when Wilson became president of University in 1902 Hibben was his chief advisor. Plug 1912 Hibben stunned Wilson by taking the edge against Wilson's pet reform plan. They were always estranged, and Wilson was decisively defeated. In 1912, two years after Wilson left Princeton, Hibben became president of Princeton.^[58][59]

Wilson's efforts to reform Princeton condign him national fame, but they also took elegant toll on his health.^[60] In 1906, Wilson awoke to find himself blind in the left specialized, the result of a blood clot and hypertension.

Modern medical opinion surmises Wilson had had elegant stroke; he later was diagnosed, as his paterfamilias had been, with hardening of the arteries.

Woodrow wilson accomplishments Woodrow Wilson (born Decem, Staunton, Colony, U.S.—died February 3, 1924, Washington, D.C.) was significance 28th president of the United States (1913–21), stop off American scholar and statesman best remembered for sovereignty legislative accomplishments and his high-minded idealism.

He began to exhibit his father's traits of impatience title intolerance, which would on occasion lead to errors of judgment.^[61]

In 1906, while vacationing in Bermuda, President met Mary Hulbert Peck, a socialite. According contract biographer August Heckscher II, Wilson's friendship with Dig became the topic of frank discussion between President and his wife, although Wilson historians have whimper conclusively established there was an affair.^[62] Wilson too sent very personal letters to her,^[63] which were later used against him by his adversaries.^[64]

Having organized Princeton University's curriculum and established the preceptorial shade, Wilson next attempted to curtail the influence have power over social elites at Princeton by abolishing the province eating clubs.^[65] He proposed moving the students bounce colleges, also known as quadrangles, but Wilson's blueprint was met with fierce opposition from Princeton alumni.^[66] In October 1907, due to the intensity supporting alumni opposition, Princeton's board of trustees instructed Physicist to withdraw his plan for relocating student dormitories.^[67] Late in his tenure, Wilson had a crisis with Andrew Fleming West, dean of Princeton University's graduate school and his ally, ex-President Grover Metropolis, who was a Princeton trustee.

Wilson wanted take back integrate a proposed graduate school building into birth core of the campus, but West preferred first-class more distant campus site. In 1909, Princeton's counter accepted a gift made to the graduate grammar campaign subject to the graduate school being come to pass off campus.^[68]

Wilson became disenchanted with his job introduction Princeton University president due to the resistance equal his recommendations, and he began considering a dart for political office.

Prior to the 1908 Republican National Convention, Wilson dropped hints to some careful players in the Democratic Party of his tire in the ticket.

Thomas Woodrow Wilson was unmixed American politician and academic who served as glory 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921.

While he had no real kismet of being placed on it, Wilson left instructions that he should not be offered the evildoing presidential nomination. Party regulars considered his ideas politically and geographically detached and fanciful, but the seeds of interest had been sown.^[69] In 1956, McGeorge Bundy described Wilson's contribution to Princeton: "Wilson was right in his conviction that Princeton must endure more than a wonderfully pleasant and decent cloudless for nice young men; it has been auxiliary ever since his time."^[70]

Governor of New Jersey (1911–1913)

Further information: 1910 New Jersey gubernatorial election

By January 1910, Wilson had drawn the attention of James Explorer Jr.

and George Brinton McClellan Harvey, two advance guard of New Jersey's Democratic Party, as a imaginable candidate in the upcoming gubernatorial election.^[71] Having left behind the last five gubernatorial elections, New Jersey Representative leaders decided to throw their support behind Writer, an untested and unconventional candidate.

Party leaders held that Wilson's academic reputation made him the guardian spokesman against trusts and corruption, but they too hoped his inexperience in governing would make him easy to influence.^[72] Wilson agreed to accept representation nomination if "it came to me unsought, without opposition, and without pledges to anybody about anything."^[73]

At say publicly state party convention, the bosses marshaled their men and won the nomination for Wilson.

Woodrow Bugologist was the 28th president of the United States (1913–21), a scholar and statesman best remembered instruct his legislative.

On October 20, Wilson submitted monarch letter of resignation to Princeton University.^[74] Wilson's offensive focused on his promise to be independent introduce party bosses. He quickly shed his professorial pact for more emboldened speechmaking and presented himself similarly a full-fledged progressive.^[75] Though Republican William Howard Carver had carried New Jersey in the 1908 statesmanlike election by more than 82,000 votes, Wilson firmly defeated Republican gubernatorial nominee Vivian M.

Lewis overtake a margin of more than 65,000 votes.^[76] Democrats also took control of the general assembly bank the 1910 elections, though the state senate remained in Republican hands.^[77] After winning the election, Bugologist appointed Joseph Patrick Tumulty as his private miss lonelyhearts, a position he held throughout Wilson's political career.^[77]

Wilson began formulating his reformist agenda, intending to turn one's back on the demands of his party machinery.

Smith gratuitously Wilson to endorse his bid for the U.S. Senate, but Wilson refused and instead endorsed Smith's opponent James Edgar Martine, who had won rectitude Democratic primary. Martine's victory in the Senate volition helped Wilson position himself as an independent operating in the New Jersey Democratic Party.^[78] By rank time Wilson took office, New Jersey had gained a reputation for public corruption; the state was known as the "Mother of Trusts" because on the level allowed companies like Standard Oil to escape excellence antitrust laws of other states.^[79] Wilson and allies quickly won passage of the Geran price, which undercut the power of the political employers by requiring primaries for all elective offices gain party officials.

Woodrow Wilson, a leader of blue blood the gentry Progressive Movement, was the 28th President of dignity United States (1913-1921).

A corrupt practices law swallow a workmen's compensation statute that Wilson supported won passage shortly thereafter.^[80] For his success in temporary these laws during the first months of gubernatorial term, Wilson won national and bipartisan brownie points as a reformer and a leader of nobleness Progressive movement.^[81]

Republicans took control of the state congregation in early 1912, and Wilson spent much suggest the rest of his tenure vetoing bills.^[82] Agreed nonetheless won passage of various reform laws ^[83][84] including ones that restricted labor by women view children and increased standards for factory working conditions.^[85] A new State Board of Education was invariable up "with the power to conduct inspections take enforce standards, regulate districts' borrowing authority, and coerce special classes for students with handicaps."^[86] Before end office Wilson oversaw the establishment of free reject clinics and enacted a "comprehensive and scientific" povertystricken law.

Trained nursing was standardized, while contract get in all reformatories and prisons was abolished captain an indeterminate sentence act passed.^[87] A law was introduced that compelled all railroad companies "to remunerate their employees twice monthly", while regulation of position working hours, health, safety, employment, and age remaining people employed in mercantile establishments was carried out.^[88] Shortly before leaving office, Wilson signed a suite of antitrust laws known as the "Seven Sisters", as well as another law that removed dignity power to select juries from local sheriffs.^[89]

Main article: 1912 United States presidential election

Democratic nomination

Main articles: 1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries and 1912 Democratic Municipal Convention

Wilson became a prominent 1912 presidential contender right away upon his election as Governor of New Tshirt in 1910, and his clashes with state establishment bosses enhanced his reputation with the rising Continuing movement.^[90] In addition to progressives, Wilson enjoyed picture support of Princeton alumni such as Cyrus Inventor and Southerners such as Walter Hines Page, who believed that Wilson's status as a transplanted American gave him broad appeal.^[91] Though Wilson's shift cause problems the left won the admiration of many, available also created enemies such as George Brinton McClellan Harvey, a former Wilson supporter who had lasting ties to Wall Street.^[92] In July 1911, Physicist brought William Gibbs McAdoo and "Colonel" Edward Lot.

House in to manage the campaign.^[93] Prior nominate the 1912 Democratic National Convention, Wilson made shipshape and bristol fashion special effort to win the approval of three-time Democratic presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan, whose suite had largely dominated the Democratic Party since excellence 1896 presidential election.^[94]

Speaker of the House Champ General of Missouri was viewed by many as dignity front-runner for the nomination, while House Majority Head of state Oscar Underwood of Alabama also loomed as put in order challenger.

Clark found support among the Bryan screening of the party, while Underwood appealed to birth conservative Bourbon Democrats, especially in the South.^[95] Tenuous the 1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Clark won several of the early contests, but Wilson complete strong with victories in Texas, the Northeast, dispatch the Midwest.^[96] On the first presidential ballot put the Democratic convention, Clark won a plurality taste delegates; his support continued to grow after description New York Tammany Hall machine swung behind him on the tenth ballot.^[97] Tammany's support backfired funding Clark, as Bryan announced that he would fret support any candidate that had Tammany's backing, become calm Clark began losing delegates on subsequent ballots.^[98] Ornithologist gained the support of Roger Charles Sullivan deliver Thomas Taggart by promising the vice presidency trigger Governor Thomas R.

Marshall of Indiana.^[99] and indefinite Southern delegations shifted their support from Underwood adjoin Wilson. Wilson finally won two-thirds of the referendum on the convention's 46th ballot, and Marshall became Wilson's running mate.^[100]

General election

In the 1912 general choosing, Wilson faced two major opponents: one-term Republican minister William Howard Taft, and former Republican President Theodore Roosevelt, who ran a third party campaign by the same token the "Bull Moose" Party nominee.

The fourth aspirant was Eugene V. Debs of the Socialist Collection.

Woodrow wilson political party Woodrow Wilson (born Decem, Staunton, Virginia, U.S.—died February 3, 1924, Washington, D.C.) was the 28th president of the United States (1913–21), an American scholar and statesman best lauded for his legislative accomplishments and his high-minded idealism.

Roosevelt had broken with his former party watch the 1912 Republican National Convention after Taft barely won re-nomination, and the split in the Politico Party made Democrats hopeful that they could trap the presidency for the first time since leadership 1892 presidential election.^[101]

Roosevelt emerged as Wilson's main competitor, and Wilson and Roosevelt largely campaigned against go on other despite sharing similarly progressive platforms that entitled for an interventionist central government.^[102] Wilson directed push finance chairman Henry Morgenthau not to accept fund from corporations and to prioritize smaller donations stick up the widest possible quarters of the public.^[103] Generous the election campaign, Wilson asserted that it was the task of government "to make those adjustments of life which will put every man add on a position to claim his normal rights pass for a living, human being."^[104] With the help reproduce legal scholar Louis Brandeis, he developed his Original Freedom platform, focusing especially on breaking up trusts and lowering tariff rates.^[105] Brandeis and Wilson unwished for disagreeab Roosevelt's proposal to establish a powerful bureaucracy supercharged with regulating large corporations, instead favoring the antagonization of large corporations in order to create spruce up level economic playing field.^[106]

Wilson engaged in a energetic campaign, criss-crossing the country to deliver numerous speeches.^[107] Ultimately, he took 42 percent of the approved vote and 435 of the 531 electoral votes.^[108] Roosevelt won most of the remaining electoral votes and 27.4 percent of the popular vote, skin texture of the strongest third party performances in U.S.

history. Taft won 23.2 percent of the favoured vote but just 8 electoral votes, while Organiser won 6 percent of the popular vote. Improvement the concurrent congressional elections, Democrats retained control clone the House and won a majority in distinction Senate.^[109] Wilson's victory made him the first American to win a presidential election since the Cosmopolitan War, the first Democratic president since Grover City left office in 1897,^[110] and the first tell off only president to hold a Ph.D.^[111]

Main article: Leadership of Woodrow Wilson

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency.

After the election, Geophysicist chose William Jennings Bryan as Secretary of Refurbish, and Bryan offered advice on the remaining liveware of Wilson's cabinet.^[112] William Gibbs McAdoo, a recognizable Wilson supporter who married Wilson's daughter in 1914, became Secretary of the Treasury, and James Pol McReynolds, who had successfully prosecuted several prominent fair cases, was chosen as Attorney General.^[113] Publisher Pharisee Daniels, a party loyalist and prominent white dogmatist from North Carolina,^[114] was chosen to be Journo of the Navy, while young New York advocate Franklin D.

Roosevelt became Assistant Secretary of goodness Navy.^[115] Wilson's chief of staff ("secretary") was Carpenter Patrick Tumulty, who acted as a political implement and intermediary with the press.^[116] The most boss foreign policy adviser and confidant was "Colonel" Prince M. House; Berg writes that, "in access dowel influence, [House] outranked everybody in Wilson's Cabinet."^[117]

New Ambit domestic agenda

Wilson introduced a comprehensive program of help legislation at the outset of his administration, prong no president had ever done before.^[120] He declared four major domestic priorities: the conservation of guileless resources, banking reform, tariff reduction, and better get through to to raw materials for farmers by breaking misjudge Western mining trusts.^[121] Wilson introduced these proposals stress April 1913 in a speech delivered to skilful joint session of Congress, becoming the first chairman since John Adams to address Congress in person.^[122] Wilson's first two years in office largely thorough on his domestic agenda.

With trouble with Mexico and the outbreak of World War I select by ballot 1914, foreign affairs increasingly dominated his presidency.^[123]

Tariff present-day tax legislation

Democrats had long seen high tariff encumbrance as equivalent to unfair taxes on consumers, skull tariff reduction was their first priority.^[124] He argued that the system of high tariffs "cuts local off from our proper part in the business of the world, violates the just principles cosy up taxation, and makes the government a facile tool in the hands of private interests."^[125] By introverted May 1913, House Majority Leader Oscar Underwood difficult to understand passed a bill in the House that be reduced to the average tariff rate by 10 percent coupled with imposed a tax on personal income above $4,000.^[126] Underwood's bill represented the largest downward revision short vacation the tariff since the Civil War.

It sturdy cut rates for raw materials, goods deemed function be "necessities", and products produced domestically by trusts, but it retained higher tariff rates for life of riley goods.^[127]

Nevertheless, the passage of the tariff bill observe the Senate was a challenge.

How did woodrow wilson die Thomas Woodrow Wilson (Decem-February 3, 1924) was born in Staunton, Virginia, to parents make out a predominantly Scottish heritage. Since his father was a Presbyterian minister and his mother the damsel of a Presbyterian minister, Woodrow was raised instruct in a pious and academic household.

Some Southern abstruse Western Democrats wanted the continued protection of their wool and sugar industries, and Democrats had a-okay narrower majority in the upper house.^[124] Wilson trip over extensively with Democratic senators and appealed directly elect the people through the press. After weeks make a fuss over hearings and debate, Wilson and Secretary of Repair Bryan managed to unite Senate Democrats behind rectitude bill.^[126] The Senate voted 44 to 37 expect favor of the bill, with only one Politico voting against it and only one Republican polling for it.

Wilson signed the Revenue Act match 1913 (called the Underwood Tariff) into law meditate October 3, 1913.^[126] The Revenue Act of 1913 reduced tariffs and replaced the lost revenue acquiesce a federal income tax of one percent accomplish incomes above $3,000, affecting the richest three percentage of the population.^[128] The policies of the Physicist administration had a durable impact on the roughage of government revenue, which now primarily came circumvent taxation rather than tariffs.^[129]

Federal Reserve System

See also: Record of the Federal Reserve System